{"id":11385486,"date":"2012-04-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2012-04-14T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/uncategorized-cs_cz\/potapeni-ve-vodnim-barometru\/"},"modified":"2012-04-15T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2012-04-14T22:00:00","slug":"potapeni-ve-vodnim-barometru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/potapeni-ve-vodnim-barometru\/","title":{"rendered":"Pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm barometru"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d Shayne Pemberton z Richardsonu v Texasu jednou odpo\u010d\u00edval u sv\u00e9ho zahradn\u00edho rybn\u00ed\u010dku a napadlo jej naplnit zava\u0159ovac\u00ed sklenici vodou a vyzvednout ji dnem vzh\u016fru nad hladinu. N\u00e1hodou vplula do sklenice mal\u00e1 rybka. To mu vnuklo n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed my\u0161lenku: Co kdyby byla takov\u00e1 “sklenice” vysok\u00e1 18 metr\u016f, m\u011bla pr\u016fm\u011br 3 metry, byla napln\u011bn\u00e1 mo\u0159skou vodou, otev\u0159en\u00fd konec byl pod vodou a dno nad hladinou mo\u0159e? Jak\u00fd by byl tlak na hladin\u011b mo\u0159e uvnit\u0159 takov\u00e9 sklenice? A co by se stalo, kdyby dovnit\u0159 vplaval pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Takov\u00e1 sklenice vody vysok\u00e1 18 metr\u016f by byla n\u011bco jako rtu\u0165ov\u00fd barometr, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku. Skute\u010dn\u00fd barometr je sklen\u011bn\u00e1 trubice o pr\u016fm\u011bru 6,35 mm napln\u011bn\u00e1 rtut\u00ed a na jej\u00edm doln\u00edm konci je otev\u0159en\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017eka pln\u00e1 rtuti (viz obr. 1).
 <\/p>\n

Rtu\u0165ov\u00fd sloupec kon\u010d\u00ed asi 2,5 cm pod uzav\u0159en\u00fdm koncem trubice a jeho celkov\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka \u010din\u00ed asi 76 cm od hladiny rtuti v n\u00e1dr\u017ece. D\u00e9lka sloupce z\u00e1vis\u00ed na atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9m neboli barometrick\u00e9m tlaku, kter\u00fd je u hladiny mo\u0159e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 kg na 1 cm2, co\u017e se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed tzv. absolutn\u00edmu tlaku (psia).* Kdy\u017e se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed bou\u0159e nebo kdy\u017e se barometr vynese na n\u011bjakou horu (jak to prov\u00e1d\u011bli “p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed filozofov\u00e9” v 16. stolet\u00ed), v\u00fd\u0161ka rtu\u0165ov\u00e9ho sloupce kles\u00e1 \u00fam\u011brn\u011b klesaj\u00edc\u00edmu barometrick\u00e9mu tlaku.
Rtu\u0165ov\u00fd sloupec stoj\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017ekou rtuti, proto\u017ee atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na hladinu v n\u00e1dr\u017ece vytla\u010duje rtu\u0165 nahoru. “Pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd” prostor nad rtu\u0165ov\u00fdm sloupcem je ve skute\u010dnosti napln\u011bn rtu\u0165ov\u00fdmi parami.
 <\/p>\n

Tato teze by se dala prok\u00e1zat napln\u011bn\u00edm barometru mo\u0159skou vodou nam\u00edsto rtuti (pozor na fyzick\u00fd kontakt se rtut\u00ed, nebo\u0165 ta je jedovat\u00e1). Kdyby se trubice napln\u011bn\u00e1 mo\u0159skou vodou postupn\u011b vyzved\u00e1vala uzav\u0159en\u00fdm koncem nad mo\u0159skou hladinu, z\u016fstala by zcela napln\u011bn\u00e1 a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 10 metr\u016f. Nad touto v\u00fd\u0161kou by se hladina mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody v trubici odd\u011blila od uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho konce trubice a vyzvednout ji v\u00fd\u0161e nad hladinu mo\u0159e by ji\u017e nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9, bez ohledu na to, jak vysoko by se trubice zvedala. A kdyby byla trubice dost velk\u00e1 na to, aby do n\u00ed vplaval pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d, zaznamenal by p\u0159i stoup\u00e1n\u00ed vzh\u016fru pokles tlaku.
 <\/p>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o naprosto stejn\u00fd princip jako u rtu\u0165ov\u00e9ho barometru, jedin\u00fd rozd\u00edl je v tom, \u017ee kapalinou je zde voda. Vodn\u00ed barometry se skute\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed (n\u00e1pln\u00ed je sladk\u00e1 voda), ale jejich v\u00fd\u0161ka mus\u00ed b\u00fdt m\u00edsto 76 cm 11 metr\u016f. (11 metr\u016f sladk\u00e9 vody = 1 atmosf\u00e9ra tlaku = 76 cm rtuti = 10 metr\u016f mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody.) Pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd prostor nad sloupcem je ve skute\u010dnosti vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra o tlaku 0,05 absolutn\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry (ata).<\/p>\n

Sac\u00ed \u010derpadlo<\/strong>
Vodn\u00ed barometr a sac\u00ed \u010derpadlo maj\u00ed hodn\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Jestli\u017ee by se otev\u0159el uzav\u0159en\u00fd horn\u00ed konec barometru, spadla by voda zp\u011bt na hladinu mo\u0159e. Nyn\u00ed bychom mohli pro trubici s uzav\u0159en\u00fdm horn\u00edm koncem pou\u017e\u00edt vakuov\u00e9 sac\u00ed \u010derpadlo k na\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody zp\u011bt do trubice. Voda by vystoupala do v\u00fd\u0161e 10 metr\u016f a d\u00e1l by to nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9. U sladkovodn\u00edch studn\u00ed nelze vy\u010derpat vodu z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky ne\u017e jeden\u00e1ct metr\u016f, nebo\u0165 plat\u00ed stejn\u00fd princip jako u barometru se sladkou vodou – voda prost\u011b nevystoup\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e ne\u017e 11 metr\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve vysok\u00fdch poloh\u00e1ch <\/strong>
Co se stalo t\u00e9 rybce, kter\u00e1 vplavala do sklenice v rybn\u00ed\u010dku Shayne Pembertona a co by se stalo pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di ve vodn\u00edm barometru? P\u0159ipom\u011b\u0148me si, \u017ee tlak na hladin\u011b mo\u0159e \u010din\u00ed u doln\u00edho konce vodn\u00edho sloupce 1 ata a tlak v horn\u00edm prostoru ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 10 metr\u016f je 0,05 ata (tj. tlak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry). Kdyby pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d vyplaval ve vodn\u00edm sloupci nap\u0159. do v\u00fd\u0161e 5 metr\u016f, klesl by absolutn\u00ed tlak na polovinu absolutn\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry (0,5 ata), co\u017e je ekvivalent barometrick\u00e9ho tlaku ve v\u00fd\u0161i 5 486 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em.
 <\/p>\n

Kdyby pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d vyplaval do v\u00fd\u0161e 7 metr\u016f, klesl by tlak na 0,3 ata, tj. ekvivalent 9 144 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em. Vrchol Mt. Everestu je asi 8 839 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em a skafandr kosmonaut\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tlak srovnateln\u00fd s tlakem ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 9 235 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em.
Tento pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d by se ocitl v jak\u00e9msi um\u011bl\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a byl by vystaven dv\u011bma probl\u00e9m\u016fm, s kter\u00fdmi se pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di p\u0159i “norm\u00e1ln\u00edm” pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nesetk\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Za prv\u00e9: Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d d\u00fdchaj\u00edc\u00ed vzduch v sedmi metrech vodn\u00edho sloupce by upadl do bezv\u011bdom\u00ed kv\u016fli nedostatku kysl\u00edku (nastala by u n\u011bj hypoxie), proto\u017ee parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak kysl\u00edku ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 9 144 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em \u010din\u00ed pouze 0,06 atm, co\u017e je pouh\u00fdch 6 procent tlaku u hladiny mo\u0159e. Proto jsou skafandry kosmonaut\u016f napln\u011bny \u010dist\u00fdm kysl\u00edkem.
 <\/p>\n

Za druh\u00e9: Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d by byl zasa\u017een fat\u00e1ln\u00ed dekompresn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kovou nemoc\u00ed (DCS), nebo\u0165 dus\u00edk rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v jeho tk\u00e1n\u00edch by se zm\u011bnil v bubliny. Aby se kosmonauti vyhnuli DSC, mus\u00ed nejd\u0159\u00edve d\u00fdchat a\u017e \u010dty\u0159i hodiny \u010dist\u00fd kysl\u00edk (p\u0159i tlaku shodn\u00e9m s tlakem u hladiny mo\u0159e), \u010d\u00edm\u017e se eliminuje rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd dus\u00edk, a teprve potom si mohou nasadit dekompresn\u00ed kosmick\u00fd skafandr.
P\u0159edstavte si tyto hypotetick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky: Sloupec stla\u010diteln\u00e9ho tlaku vzduchu vysok\u00fd 330 480 m se nahrad\u00ed sloupcem nestla\u010diteln\u00e9 mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody vysok\u00fdm 10 metr\u016f. Oba sloupce p\u016fsob\u00ed na hladinu oce\u00e1nu stejn\u00fdm tlakem. Pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm barometru by bylo ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro v\u00fduku nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho a absolutn\u00edho tlaku – ov\u0161em neb\u00fdt hypoxie a DCS.<\/p>\n

V\u0159\u00edc\u00ed chlad <\/strong>
Pro\u010d je v\u00fd\u0161e sloupce v barometru s mo\u0159skou vodou limitovan\u00e1 na 10 metr\u016f a pro\u010d nelze vypumpovat vodu ze sladkovodn\u00ed studny z hloubky v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 11 metr\u016f? Je tomu tak kv\u016fli varu. P\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b 22°C \u010din\u00ed tlak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry 0,05 atm neboli 0,7 psi. Kdy\u017e se voda zah\u0159eje, tlak p\u00e1ry stoup\u00e1 a kdy\u017e teplota dos\u00e1hne 100°C, \u010din\u00ed tlak p\u00e1ry 14,7 psi neboli 1 atm. Voda v\u0159e, kdy\u017e se tlak p\u00e1ry rovn\u00e1 absolutn\u00edmu tlaku.
Te\u010f se na to pod\u00edvejme jinak. Kdy\u017e stoup\u00e1me do hor, voda v\u0159e p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm tlaku (p\u00e1ry), proto\u017ee se sni\u017euje atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak. Opa\u010dn\u00fd princip plat\u00ed u tlakov\u00e9ho hrnce, kde se zvy\u0161uje tlak, aby se bod varu posunul (odd\u00e1lil) na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplotu.<\/p>\n

Dekompresn\u00ed bublinky<\/strong>
Ze v\u0161eho shora uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ponau\u010den\u00ed ohledn\u011b bublinek vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch b\u011bhem dekomprese. Bublinky vznikaj\u00ed, kdy\u017e parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak v\u0161ech rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch plyn\u016f (dus\u00edku, kysl\u00edku, oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, h\u00e9lia atd.) – plus tlak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry – p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed absolutn\u00ed tlak. Tento jev je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako “supersaturace” (p\u0159esycen\u00ed). P\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je na rozd\u00edl od varu tlak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho dus\u00edku, proto k tvorb\u011b bublinek p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e dus\u00edk ne\u017e vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra.
 <\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se dekompres\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se za\u010dnou tvo\u0159it v krvi a v tk\u00e1n\u00edch bublinky, je mo\u017eno sn\u00e9st i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed supersaturace, ale takov\u00e9 nadm\u011brn\u00e9 supersaturace jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e mal\u00e9ho rozsahu. “Tich\u00e9” bublinky, kter\u00e9 nezp\u016fsobuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky DCS, se mohou vyskytovat prakticky po v\u0161ech ponorech, krom\u011b t\u011bch \u00fapln\u011b trivi\u00e1ln\u00edch. P\u0159i ultrazvukov\u00fdch vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00edch na bublinky se u lid\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b objev\u00ed bublinky ji\u017e p\u0159i tak n\u00edzk\u00fdch superasaturac\u00edch jako 0,4 atm (6 psi; 12 metr\u016f mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody). Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 je z\u0159ejm\u011b dekompresn\u00ed teorie, kter\u00e1 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee velk\u00e9 supersaturace maj\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek tich\u00e9 bublinky, kter\u00e9 jsou tak mal\u00e9 a tvo\u0159\u00ed se v takov\u00fdch m\u00edstech, \u017ee nezp\u016fsobuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky.
 <\/p>\n

A co se t\u00fd\u010de tvorby bublinek, existuje je\u0161t\u011b jedno zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 ponau\u010den\u00ed: Vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra opust\u00ed hladinu vody jenom v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy je nad hladinou plynn\u00e9 okol\u00ed. Kdyby ve vodn\u00edm barometru nebyl nad hladinou plyn, bylo by mo\u017en\u00e9 vyzvednout sloupec vody ve vzduchu tis\u00edce metr\u016f vysoko a nechat jej dot\u00fdkat se p\u0159\u00edmo “stropu” trubice. Zn\u00ed to sice divn\u011b, ale tlak na sam\u00e9m vrcholu sloupce by byl o stovky atmosf\u00e9r ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak. To se tak\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u011b prok\u00e1zalo, a sice s pou\u017eit\u00edm velmi \u010dist\u00e9 a velmi hork\u00e9 vody, kter\u00e1 nev\u0159ela, i kdy\u017e tlak p\u00e1ry byl stokr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak. Kdy\u017e se kone\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159ila bublina \u010dist\u00e9 vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry, znamenalo to, \u017ee voda dos\u00e1hla hranice sv\u00e9 “pevnosti v tahu”a za\u010dala se rozpadat. Tento jev se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 tvorba bublin “de novo”, neboli tvorba bublin “z ni\u010deho”. V re\u00e1ln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b se v\u0161ak bubliny v\u017edy tvo\u0159\u00ed “z n\u011b\u010deho” a to n\u011bco je mal\u00e1 dutina plynu, a\u0165 ji\u017e v mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vod\u011b nebo v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble. A pak \u017ee je fyzika hrozn\u00e1 nuda!<\/p>\n

O autorovi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Richard Vann za\u010dal pracovat ve St\u0159edisku pro pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dskou medic\u00ednu a environment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyzilogii (Duke Center for Diving Medicine and Environmental Physiology) jako specialista s doktor\u00e1tem v oboru biomedik\u00e1ln\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed. V\u011bnoval se v\u00fdzkumu tvorby bublin a v\u00fdm\u011bny inertn\u00edch plyn\u016f. Vyvinul dekompresn\u00ed postupy, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pro v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely a p\u0159i voln\u00e9m pobytu kosmonaut\u016f v prostoru mimo vesm\u00edrnou stanici. Vann je u DAN viceprezidentem pro v\u00fdzkum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d Shayne Pemberton z Richardsonu v Texasu jednou odpo\u010d\u00edval u sv\u00e9ho zahradn\u00edho rybn\u00ed\u010dku a napadlo jej naplnit zava\u0159ovac\u00ed sklenici vodou a vyzvednout ji dnem vzh\u016fru…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11373370,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[],"authors":[1625],"class_list":["post-11385486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","authors-richard-vann-cs_cz"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm barometru - Alert Diver<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/potapeni-ve-vodnim-barometru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm barometru - 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