{"id":11385542,"date":"2010-07-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-07-14T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/uncategorized-cs_cz\/databanky-profilu\/"},"modified":"2010-07-15T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2010-07-14T22:00:00","slug":"databanky-profilu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/databanky-profilu\/","title":{"rendered":"DATABANKY PROFIL\u016e"},"content":{"rendered":"

Co jsou databanky profil\u016f?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Databanky profil\u016f jsou rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 sb\u00edrky informac\u00ed o profilech ponor\u016f a jejich v\u00fdsledc\u00edch. Za \u00fa\u010delem vyhodnocen\u00ed a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed platnosti tabulek, metrick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a software se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch model\u016f profily a jejich v\u00fdsledky statisticky porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, aby se zjistilo, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry se shoduj\u00ed se zaveden\u00fdmi modelov\u00fdmi parametry. Ulo\u017een\u00e9 informace o profilech a jejich v\u00fdsledc\u00edch se pak naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed databankou (DB) a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto bank ji\u017e ur\u010dit\u011b stoj\u00ed za pozornost, zat\u00edmco ostatn\u00ed se teprve buduj\u00ed a skute\u010dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 budou sp\u00ed\u0161e a\u017e v budoucnosti. D\u016fle\u017eitost databank roste rychle jak pro oblast technick\u00e9ho tak i sportovn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed – nejen kv\u016fli velk\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou v nich ulo\u017eeny, ale tak\u00e9 pro jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtech a odhadech pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch rizik a zp\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f doporu\u010dovan\u00fdch pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed modely. <\/p>\n

Jednou z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch DB je soubor informac\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd pod jm\u00e9nem DAN Project Dive Exploration (PDE) (t.j. Projekt zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdzkumem pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed). Jeho hlavn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je na rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se vzduchem a nitroxem, ale obsahuje i informace o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed technick\u00e9m, se sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm plynem a o dekompresn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci projektu PDE jsou v po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch ulo\u017eeny informace o p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 87 000 profilech, mezi kter\u00fdmi je zaznamen\u00e1no tak\u00e9 97 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f dekompresn\u00ed nemoci (DCS) a zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 informace se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se vzduchem i s nitroxem. Od roku 1995 je PDE dostupn\u00fd on-line a spravuj\u00ed jej Dick Vann a Petar Denoble. <\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tkem nov\u00e9ho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed spojil DAN Europe pod veden\u00edm Alessandra Marroniho sv\u00e9 s\u00edly s DAN USA a PDE se zna\u010dn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il. Evropsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st tohoto projektu se nyn\u00ed naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Dive Safe Lab (DSL) (Laborato\u0159 pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed). DSL p\u0159isp\u011bla informacemi o p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 000 profilech s 8 p\u0159\u00edpady DCS. Pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed v\u0161ak funguj\u00ed PDE a DSL spole\u010dn\u011b jako jedna databanka, proto\u017ee informace se d\u00edky po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016fm vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed rychle a snadno. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se spole\u010dn\u011b v r\u00e1mci PDE a DSL nach\u00e1z\u00ed informace asi o 137 000 profilech se 105 p\u0159\u00edpady DCS, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 pom\u011br v\u00fdskytu zhruba 0,0008. V\u0161eobecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o rozs\u00e1hlou a d\u016fle\u017eitou datab\u00e1zi informac\u00ed o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed, ale nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed DB zam\u011b\u0159enou hlavn\u011b na pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed technick\u00e9, se sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm plynem a na dekompresn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, je databanka p\u0159i N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159i v Los Alamos (Los Alamos National Laboratory – LANL DB). Ta v sou\u010dasnosti obsahuje informace o p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2 900 profilech s 20 p\u0159\u00edpady DCS. Jej\u00ed zakladatel\u00e9 ji zp\u0159\u00edstupnili syst\u00e9mem on-line rovn\u011b\u017e kr\u00e1tce po roce 2000. V\u011bt\u0161ina datab\u00e1ze LANL DB jsou informace z\u00edskan\u00e9 p\u0159i akc\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu C&C za posledn\u00edch 20 let. Moment\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u011br v\u00fdskytu p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f DCS v datab\u00e1zi LANL DB je 0,0069, co\u017e je asi desetin\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zlomek procenta ne\u017e v PDE. Tento vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pom\u011br je logick\u00fd a dal se o\u010dek\u00e1vat, proto\u017ee LANL DB ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 informace o profilech se sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm plynem a p\u0159i dekompresn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e jsou riskantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnosti s v\u00edce nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi prvky. <\/p>\n

V obou datab\u00e1z\u00edch se shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed informace prakticky nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b a pot\u00e9 se zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed do co nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed formy – v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich se p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edchodu z pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011bhem kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho \u010dasov\u00e9ho intervalu (3 – 5 vte\u0159in) s ji\u017e ulo\u017een\u00fdmi informacemi a pot\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 do zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho form\u00e1tu pro budouc\u00ed statistickou anal\u00fdzu:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. bottom mix\/ppO2 , hloubka a \u010das (ekvivalent obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 vlny);<\/li>\n
  2. rychlost vzestupu a sestupu;<\/li>\n
  3. \u00farove\u0148 zast\u00e1vky a dekomprese mix\/ppO2 , hloubky a \u010dasy;<\/li>\n
  4. p\u0159est\u00e1vky na povrchu;<\/li>\n
  5. \u010das do letu po pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed;<\/li>\n
  6. v\u011bk pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de, v\u00e1ha, pohlav\u00ed a zdravotn\u00ed komplikace;<\/li>\n
  7. v\u00fdsledek ohodnocen\u00fd od 1 – 5, t.j. od \u0161patn\u00e9ho k dobr\u00e9mu;<\/li>\n
  8. okolnosti prost\u0159ed\u00ed (teplota, proud, viditelnost, v\u00fdbava).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    R\u016fzn\u00e9 databanky shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 informace, ale shora uveden\u00e9 parametry se pova\u017euj\u00ed za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161ina databank s nimi (tak\u00e9) pracuje.<\/p>\n

    Pro\u010d jsou databanky profil\u016f tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?<\/strong>
    Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejdiskutovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejsledovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdm t\u00e9matem jsou zast\u00e1vky v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch. Hloubky, \u010dasy, doby, plynov\u00e9 sm\u011bsi, p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed, rychlosti v\u00fdstupu a sestupu, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu otev\u0159en\u00e9ho okruhu (OC) nebo rebreatheru (RB) – to je jen n\u011bkolik z mnoha mo\u017enost\u00ed, pro kter\u00e9 se mus\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d rozhodnout. V\u00fdb\u011brem vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f ze shora uveden\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u010dtu existuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nekone\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det variant, jak se pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d dostane (nebo nemus\u00ed dostat) bezpe\u010dn\u011b na hladinu. <\/p>\n

    Proto je ot\u00e1zka existence a dostupnosti informac\u00ed o ponorech tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. Mnoho odborn\u00edk\u016f je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deno, \u017ee porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed model\u016f se z\u00edskan\u00fdmi informacemi vy\u017eaduje sb\u011br dat z velice \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed podle pravidla \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe, co\u017e je mnohem u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e organizovat, prov\u00e1d\u011bt a vyhodnocovat klinick\u00e9, ale izolovan\u00e9 pokusy\/ testy. I kdy\u017e jsou testy prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159i jednotliv\u00fdch profilech tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, obvykle je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 porovn\u00e1vat jejich v\u00fdsledky se v\u0161emi ostatn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edpady, a sice kv\u016fli mnoha dal\u0161\u00edm okolnostem, jak\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159. rozd\u00edln\u00e9 hloubky, sm\u011bsi plyn\u016f, rychlosti v\u00fdstup\u016f, d\u00e9lky a \u00farovn\u011b zast\u00e1vek a kombinace toho v\u0161eho dohromady, jako\u017e i s dal\u0161\u00edmi parametry. <\/p>\n

    Jin\u00fdmi slovy, jednotliv\u00e9 testy se t\u011b\u017eko porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed navz\u00e1jem mezi sebou tak, aby bylo mo\u017eno na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b u\u010dinit jeden spole\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br, proto je k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pracovat s co mo\u017eno nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm spektrem profil\u016f (v\u00fdsledk\u016f). Nav\u00edc je m\u00e1lokdy k dispozici dost pen\u011bz a \u010dasu na to, aby se jednotliv\u011b testovaly nap\u0159. v\u0161echny sm\u011bsi plyn\u016f a profily s dekompresemi p\u0159i v\u0161ech typech pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Proto se databanky banky soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed hlavn\u011b na shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch p\u0159i skute\u010dn\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, ne p\u0159i klinick\u00fdch testech. <\/p>\n

    Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm t\u00e9matem jsou \u00fadaje o zast\u00e1vk\u00e1ch v hloubk\u00e1ch p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s otev\u0159en\u00fdm okruhem (OC) a s rebreatherem (RB). Haldanovo pravidlo zast\u00e1vky v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b se praktikuje ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sto let a v\u011bt\u0161ina \u00fadaj\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch po cel\u00e1 ta l\u00e9ta skute\u010dn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed praxi takov\u00fdch zast\u00e1vek (t.j. v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b) jako hlavn\u00ed t\u00e9ma, kter\u00fdm je t\u0159eba se zab\u00fdvat, prov\u00e1d\u011bt na n\u011b testy a podle toho pl\u00e1novat ponory. I kdy\u017e se v\u00ed, \u017ee jak pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se zast\u00e1vkou v hloubce, tak i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se zast\u00e1vkou v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b s sebou nese t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u00e1 rizika, pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se zast\u00e1vkou v hloubce je z hlediska \u010dasov\u00e9ho (t.j. v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 zast\u00e1vky) \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se stejn\u011b dlouhou zast\u00e1vkou v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b. <\/p>\n

    Pro dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vyhodnocen\u00ed praxe se zast\u00e1vkami v hloubk\u00e1ch st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed k dispozici dostatek informac\u00ed, proto se pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed databanky zapojit do systematick\u00e9ho sb\u011bru \u00fadaj\u016f o profilech (a jejich v\u00fdsledc\u00edch) se zast\u00e1vkami (bublinkov\u00fdmi) v hloubk\u00e1ch pro porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00fadaji o dal\u0161\u00edch ponorech s bublinkov\u00fdmi zast\u00e1vkami jak v hloubk\u00e1ch, tak i ve vod\u011b m\u011blk\u00e9. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee modely bublinkov\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed dekompresn\u00ed zast\u00e1vky ne\u017e modely s rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm plynem (podle Haldana).<\/p>\n

    Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je prov\u00e1d\u011bt d\u016fkladn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f o dekompresi p\u0159i zast\u00e1vk\u00e1ch v hloubk\u00e1ch, proto\u017ee se ji\u017e prok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee bublinkov\u00e9 zast\u00e1vky v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b jsou naprosto bezpe\u010dnou variantou. Abychom v\u0161ak byli k Haldanovi spravedliv\u00ed, mus\u00edme podotknout, \u017ee i on prov\u00e1d\u011bl testy zast\u00e1vky v hloubk\u00e1ch, a to ji\u017e p\u0159ed 100 lety, ale z n\u011bjak\u00fdch nepochopiteln\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f se jejich v\u00fdsledky nejen\u017ee neobjevily v jeho prvn\u00edch tabulk\u00e1ch, ale ani v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tabulk\u00e1ch t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho plynu, kter\u00e9 sestavili jin\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Co tedy p\u0159esn\u011b existuje v databank\u00e1ch profil\u016f?<\/strong>
    Ob\u011b shora uveden\u00e9 databanky shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobem, jak je souhrnn\u011b uvedeno n\u00ed\u017ee. Jsou to z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00fadaje o profilech ponor\u016f proveden\u00fdch p\u0159i rekrea\u010dn\u00edm i technick\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, s OC i RB, se vzduchem i s plynov\u00fdmi sm\u011bsmi, p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v m\u011blk\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch i ve vod\u00e1ch hlubok\u00fdch. To je opravdu velk\u00fd rozsah. PDE a DSL se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na nedekompresn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, zat\u00edmco LANL DB se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 hlavn\u011b plynov\u00fdmi sm\u011bsmi, OC a RB a hloubkov\u00fdm dekompresn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee mezi ob\u011bma databankami a jejich datab\u00e1zemi existuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 p\u0159esahy.<\/p>\n

    Projekt zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdzkumem pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (PDE) a Laborato\u0159<\/strong>
    pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (DSL) PDE spole\u010dn\u011b s DSL spravuje informace p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 137 000 profilech se 105 p\u0159\u00edpady DCS. Pom\u011br v\u00fdskytu tohoto zran\u011bn\u00ed je zhruba p = 105\/137 000 = 0,0008, co\u017e je o hodn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1%. Ob\u011b tyto instituce shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed informace o ponorech a jejich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch i okolnostech a v\u00fdsledc\u00edch, aby se mohly vyhodnocovat rizikov\u00e9 faktory i v\u00fdskyt a pr\u016fb\u011bh DSC. Jeden zaj\u00edmav\u00fd v\u00fdzkum porovn\u00e1val rizika mezi 3 skupinami pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno mezi pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di v tepl\u00e9 vod\u011b, ve studen\u00e9 vod\u011b a s komorou USN (americk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva) (s tzv. “mokr\u00fdm hrncem”). V\u00fdsledky jsou uvedeny v tabulce \u010d. 1. Hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvod pro za\u0159azen\u00ed ponor\u016f s komorou byla mo\u017enost kalibrace modelu p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f ze v\u0161ech t\u0159ech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di s komorou se pot\u00e1p\u011bli a prov\u00e1d\u011bli r\u016fzn\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

     Tabulka \u010d 1. Vzorek t\u0159\u00ed skupin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Skupina pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f<\/strong><\/td>\nPonory<\/strong><\/td>\nDCS<\/strong><\/td>\nV\u00fdskyt<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tepl\u00e1 voda<\/td>\n51497<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n0.0002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Studen\u00e1 voda<\/td>\n6527<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n0.0028<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Komora USN<\/td>\n2252<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n0.0311<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt posti\u017een\u00ed se vyskytuje u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f s komorou USN a nejp\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledek je u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f v tepl\u00e9 vod\u011b. Ale podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdza tohoto vzorku 3 skupin p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace.
    Zat\u00edmco riziko pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s komorou USN je absolutn\u011b i relativn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozbor v\u00fdsledk\u016f ponor\u016f ve studen\u00e9 vod\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve studen\u00e9 vod\u011b ve Scapa Flow s sebou nese podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed rizika ne\u017e pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve studen\u00e9 vod\u011b n\u011bkde jinde. Scapa Flow se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nad severn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edm Skotska u Orknejsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f a je jak\u00fdmsi historick\u00fdm poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011bm vrak\u016f lod\u00ed ji\u017e od doby Viking\u016f.
    B\u011bhem 1. a 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bylo Scapa Flow domovsk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstavem Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva. Je dosti pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee hlavn\u011b kv\u016fli teplotn\u00edm stres\u016fm znamenaj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 dekompresn\u00ed ponory pro pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de USN vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rizika ne\u017e kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 nedekompresn\u00ed ponory v tepl\u00e9 vod\u011b. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed rizika pro pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de ve Scapa Flow se p\u0159i\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee tito pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b such\u00e9 obleky, aby se chr\u00e1nili proti ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m tepla a tedy i proti teplotn\u00edmu stresu.<\/p>\n

    D\u016fle\u017eitou vedlej\u0161\u00ed aplikac\u00ed datab\u00e1ze DSL jsou \u00fadaje (Doppler) z\u00edskan\u00e9 od rekrea\u010dn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f (se vzduchem) pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch 1 a\u017e 2 hlubok\u00e9 zast\u00e1vky o d\u00e9lce 2-3 minut bez vystavov\u00e1n\u00ed se dekompresi. Bennett a Marroni m\u011b\u0159ili minima bublinek u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed absolvovali 1 a\u017e 2 hlubok\u00e9 zast\u00e1vky po vystaven\u00ed se r\u016fzn\u00fdm hloubk\u00e1m podobn\u011b, jak tomu bylo p\u0159i d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch testech v USN NDL. Srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed anal\u00fdzy s vyu\u017eit\u00edm informac\u00ed o profilech z LANL DB dokazuj\u00ed minimalizaci rizika b\u011bhem stejn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch interval\u016f (p\u0159i 1 a\u017e 2 hlubok\u00fdch zast\u00e1vk\u00e1ch) u p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f s bublinkami, ale ne u model\u016f s p\u0159esycen\u00edm (supersaturation). Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jsou uveden\u00e9 v tabulce \u010d. 2. Riziko p\u0159esycen\u00ed roste \u00fam\u011brn\u011b s d\u00e9lkou hlubok\u00e9 zast\u00e1vky. I kdy\u017e lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee riziko je v\u0161eobecn\u011b celkem n\u00edzk\u00e9, naprosto minim\u00e1ln\u00ed je (co se t\u00fd\u010de bublinek) n\u011bkde mezi 2-3 minutami p\u0159i 1 a\u017e 2 hlubok\u00fdch zast\u00e1vk\u00e1ch – podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch se vzduchem v USN NDL. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka ukazuje v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 jsou u\u017eite\u010dnou symbi\u00f3zou hodnot z\u00edskan\u00fdch v DSL a LANL DB.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka \u010d. 2. Doppler a minimalizace rizika v\u00fdskytu bublinek<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    hloubka\/\u010das<\/strong><\/td>\nriziko bublinek<\/strong><\/td>\nriziko p\u0159esycen\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    (smv\/min)<\/strong><\/td>\n(m\/min)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    <\/span><\/td>\n    		no stop
    <\/em><\/span><\/td>\n    		1 min<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n2.5 min<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n4 min<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n1 min<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n2.5 min<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n4 min<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    80\/40<\/span><\/td>\n24,4\/40
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0210
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0193
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0190
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0191
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0212
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0218
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0226
    <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    90\/30
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		27,4\/30
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0210
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0187
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0183
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0184
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0213
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0220
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0229
    <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    100\/25
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		30,5\/25
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0210
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0174
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0171
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0172
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0215
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0223
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0234
    <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    110\/20
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		33,5\/20
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0220
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0165
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0161
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0162
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0224
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0232
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0241
    <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    120\/15
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		36,6\/15
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0200
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0150
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0146
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0147
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0210
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0220
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0238
    <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    130\/10
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		39,6\/10
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0170
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0 .0129
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0125
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0126
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0178
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0191
    <\/span><\/td>\n    		0.0213
    <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech je riziko s p\u0159esycen\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e riziko bublinek, ale st\u00e1le je je\u0161t\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9. Nen\u00ed to \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed, proto\u017ee USN NDL se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u011b a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b s bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi p\u0159est\u00e1vkami i bez nich ji\u017e mnoho let. Vzhledem ke shora uveden\u00fdm \u00fadaj\u016fm lze s jistotout \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u00fdsledky s Dopplerem jsou pro v\u0161echny pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 i pou\u010dn\u00e9 a v\u011bt\u0161ina pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f by se jist\u011b cht\u011bla pot\u00e1p\u011bt tak, aby jejich hodnoty byly co nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Databanka LANL<\/strong>
    V databance LANL se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00ed informace o 2 879 profilech, z toho je tam zaznamen\u00e1no 20 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f DCS. Znamen\u00e1 to v\u00fdskyt v pom\u011bru p = 20\/2879 = 0,0069, tedy m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1%. Sledovan\u00e9 profily byly do hloubek od 150 stop mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody (smv)(t.j. 45,7 m) a\u017e do 840 smv (256 m), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich se uskute\u010dnila do hloubky ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 350 smv 106,7 m). V\u0161echny \u00fadaje sd\u011blen\u00e9 jejich autory ( t.j. pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di) o profilech a jejich v\u00fdsledc\u00edch se filtruj\u00ed.
    N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ehled zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje \u00fadaje o v\u00fdskytu DCS typu bends:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. OC, hlubok\u00e9 reverzn\u00ed profily s nitroxem – 5 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f (3 DCS I, 2 DCS II)<\/li>\n
    2. OC, hlubok\u00fd s nitroxem – 3 p\u0159\u00edpady (2 DCS I, 1 DCS II)<\/li>\n
    3. OC, hlubok\u00fd reverzn\u00ed profily s trimixem – 2 p\u0159\u00edpady (1 DCS II, 1 DCS III)<\/li>\n
    4. OC, hlubok\u00fd s trimixem – 2 p\u0159\u00edpady (1 DCS I, 1 DCS III)<\/li>\n
    5. OC, hlubok\u00fd s helioxem – 2 p\u0159\u00edpady (2 DCS II)<\/li>\n
    6. RB, hlubok\u00fd s nitroxem – 2 p\u0159\u00edpady (1 DCS I, 1 DCS II)<\/li>\n
    7. RB, hlubok\u00fd s trimixem – 2 p\u0159\u00edpady (1 DCS I, 1 DCS III)<\/li>\n
    8. 8. RB, hlubok\u00fd s helioxem – 2 p\u0159\u00edpady (1 DCS I, 1 DCS II)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      DCS I zamen\u00e1 zasa\u017een\u00ed kon\u010detin – tzv. svalov\u011b kostern\u00ed forma DCS odborn\u011b zvan\u00e1 bends, DCS II ozna\u010duje poruchy \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustavy a DCS III signalizuje pot\u00ed\u017ee st\u0159edn\u00edho ucha (co\u017e se vyskytuje v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed sm\u011bsi s h\u00e9liem). DCS II a DCS III jsou dosti z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, DCS I je onemocn\u011bn\u00ed leh\u010d\u00edho r\u00e1zu. Shora uveden\u00fd term\u00edn hlubok\u00fd s nitroxem znamen\u00e1 ponor pod 150 smv (45,7m), hlubok\u00fd s trimixem znamen\u00e1 ponor pod 200 smv (61 m) a hlubok\u00fd s helioxem znamen\u00e1 ponor pod 250 smv (76,2). <\/p>\n

      Zkratka OC znamen\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00fd okruh, RB je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro rebreather. V\u00fdrazem reverzn\u00ed profily se ozna\u010duje situace, kdy pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d provedl ponory, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch byl pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ponor uskute\u010dn\u011bn do v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky ne\u017e ponor p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed. Nitrox znamen\u00e1 sm\u011bs kysl\u00edku a dus\u00edku (v\u010detn\u011b vzduchu), trimixem se ozna\u010duje d\u00fdchac\u00ed sm\u011bs slo\u017een\u00e1 z dus\u00edku, h\u00e9lia a kysl\u00edku a heliox je d\u00fdchac\u00ed sm\u011bs obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed h\u00e9lium a kysl\u00edk. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd z p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f s trimixem a helioxem nezahrnoval sm\u011bsi obohacen\u00e9 kysl\u00edkem za pou\u017eit\u00ed OC a p\u0159\u00edpady zaznamenan\u00e9 s RB se nestaly p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku kysl\u00edku vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e 1,4 atm. P\u0159epnut\u00ed plynn\u00e9 sm\u011bsi obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed dus\u00edk na sm\u011bs s h\u00e9liem (z t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 na lehkou) se provedlo ve 4 p\u0159\u00edpadech, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se poru\u0161ila pravidla izobarick\u00e9 protism\u011brn\u00e9 difuze (ICD). <\/p>\n

      Izobarickou protism\u011brnou difuz\u00ed se ozna\u010duje jev, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se dva inertn\u00ed plyny (zpravidla dus\u00edk a h\u00e9lium) pohybuj\u00ed v t\u011blesn\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch a v krvi opa\u010dn\u00fdmi sm\u011bry. Kdy\u017e se tlaky plyn\u016f se\u010dtou (t.j. parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlaky), m\u016f\u017ee to v\u00e9st k p\u0159esycen\u00ed a k mo\u017enosti tvorby bublinek.
      V \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nedo\u0161lo ke kysl\u00edkov\u00e9 toxicit\u011b (oxtox) cel\u00e9ho t\u011bla nebo \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustavy. V\u0161ech 20 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f DCS bylo l\u00e9\u010deno v hyperbarick\u00e9 komo\u0159e a v datab\u00e1zi jsou ulo\u017eeny tak\u00e9 tomu odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fadaje. V\u00fdsledky profil\u016f poch\u00e1zely jak z ponor\u016f proveden\u00fdch zku\u0161en\u00fdmi pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di, tak i ze \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho spektra r\u016fzn\u00fdch test\u016f.Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di z\u00edsk\u00e1vali \u00fadaje od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm ze z\u00e1p\u011bs\u0165ov\u00fdch dekompresn\u00edch tabulek v kombinaci s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovou podporou. <\/p>\n

      V\u011bt\u0161ina profil\u016f se k n\u00e1m dostala sta\u017een\u00edm p\u0159\u00edmo do po\u010d\u00edta\u010de a takto z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace jsme ihned p\u0159evedli do pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem (p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm sta\u017een\u00edm do po\u010d\u00edta\u010de) vzniklo asi 88% cel\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze LANL DB.
      \u00dadaje o DCS uveden\u00e9 v souhrnu shora jsou pom\u011brn\u011b hrub\u00e9, co\u017e znemo\u017e\u0148uje proveden\u00ed d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho statistick\u00e9ho rozboru. Vyskyt DCS z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu sledovan\u00fdch profil\u016f je pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd, v \u0159\u00e1du ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 1%. Ur\u010dit\u011b tedy st\u00e1lo za to prov\u00e9st n\u011bjak\u00fd podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozbor, a proto jsme tyto \u00fadaje rozt\u0159\u00eddili je\u0161t\u011b do kategori\u00ed podle plyn\u016f (nitrox, heliox, trimix). Toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed ukazuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka \u010d.3.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Tabulka \u010d. 3. Profily a v\u00fdskyt DCS ve vztahu k pou\u017eit\u00fdm plyn\u016fm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      sm\u011bs<\/strong><\/td>\nprofily celkem<\/strong><\/td>\nDCS
      <\/strong><\/td>\n      		v\u00fdskyt
      <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC nitrox<\/td>\n344<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n0.0232<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB nitrox<\/td>\n550<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n0.0017<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      all nitrox<\/td>\n894<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n0.0112<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC trimix<\/td>\n656<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n0.0061<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB trimix<\/td>\n754<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n0.0027<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      all trimix<\/td>\n1410<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n0.0042<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC heliox<\/td>\n116<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n0.0172<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB heliox<\/td>\n459<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n0.0044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      all heliox<\/td>\n575<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n0.0070<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      celkem<\/strong><\/td>\n2879<\/strong><\/td>\n20
      <\/strong><\/td>\n      		0.0069<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Pom\u011br v\u00fdskytu DCS p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed nitroxu je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ale v tomto (celkem nerozs\u00e1hl\u00e9m) souhrnu nen\u00ed statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. \u00dadaje v nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dku zahrnuj\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u0161ech sm\u011bs\u00ed p\u0159i sou\u010dtu v\u0161ech profil\u016f dohromady. Do t\u00e9to mno\u017einy pat\u0159\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b 35 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy sice DCS nebyla diagnostikov\u00e1na, ale pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di se po vyno\u0159en\u00ed c\u00edtili \u0161patn\u011b. Takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady v\u0161ak v\u011bt\u0161ina odborn\u00edk\u016f neza\u0159azuje do kategorie DCS.
      Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 p\u0159idat do ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed souhrnn\u00e9 tabulky i profily ponor\u016f proveden\u00fdch se sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm plynem do hloubky 100 smv (30,5 m), i kdy\u017e se o takov\u00fdch profilech statistiky zpravidla nevedou. Nav\u00edc je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee hloubka n\u011bco pod 500 smv (152,4 m) je pro statistiku maximem, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b smysl je\u0161t\u011b sledovat. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu limitujeme aplikace algoritmu LANL na maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubku 540 smv 164,6 m).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Tabulka \u010d. 4. Souhrn profil\u016f zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed hloubky a pou\u017eit\u00e9 plyny<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
       <\/td>\n100 a\u017e
      199 smv
      (30
      a 60 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		200 a\u017e
      299 smv
      (61 a\u017e
      90 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		300 a\u017e
      399 smv
      (90 a\u017e
      120 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		400 a\u017e
      499 smv
      (121
      a\u017e 150 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		500 a\u017e
      599 smv
      (151
      a\u017e 180 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		600+ smv
      (181+ m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		celkem<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC nitrox<\/td>\n268<\/td>\n76<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n344<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB nitrox<\/td>\n213<\/td>\n246<\/td>\n91<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n550<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC trimix<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n388<\/td>\n226<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n656<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB trimix<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n358<\/td>\n226<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n754<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC heliox<\/td>\n <\/td>\n42<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n116<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB heliox<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n195<\/td>\n143<\/td>\n107<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n <\/td>\n459<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      celkem<\/strong><\/td>\n525<\/strong><\/td>\n1305<\/strong><\/td>\n775<\/strong><\/td>\n266<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/strong><\/td>\n2<\/strong><\/td>\n2879<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

       <\/p>\n

      N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka \u010d. 5 ukazuje v\u00fdskyt DCS p\u0159i profilech ponor\u016f zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00fdch v tabulce \u010d. 4.<\/p>\n

      Tabulka \u010d. 5. Souhrn profil\u016f zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed hloubky, plyny a v\u00fdskyt DCS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
       <\/td>\n100 <\/strong>a\u017e
      <\/strong>199 smv
      (30
      <\/strong>a\u017e<\/strong> 60)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		200 <\/strong>
      a\u017e <\/strong>299 smv
      (61 <\/strong>
      a\u017e <\/strong>90 m)
      <\/strong><\/td>\n      		300 <\/strong>
      a\u017e <\/strong>399 smv
      (90 <\/strong>
      a\u017e <\/strong>120 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		400 <\/strong>
      a\u017e <\/strong>499 smv
      (121
      <\/strong>a\u017e<\/strong> 150 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		500 <\/strong>
      a\u017e <\/strong>599 smv
      (151
      <\/strong>a\u017e<\/strong> 180 m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		600+ smv
      (181+ m)<\/strong><\/td>\n      		celkem<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC nitrox<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB nitrox<\/td>\n <\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC trimix<\/td>\n <\/td>\n2<\/td>\n <\/td>\n1<\/td>\n <\/td>\n1<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB trimix<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      OC heliox<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n2<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      RB heliox<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      celkem<\/strong><\/td>\n5<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/strong><\/td>\n5<\/strong><\/td>\n3<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/td>\n1<\/strong><\/td>\n20<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Profily poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z technick\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, z\u00e1sadn\u011b s plynn\u00fdmi sm\u011bsmi, s dekompres\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 z extr\u00e9mn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Do t\u00e9to statistiky se nezahrnuly \u00fadaje o profilech z rekrea\u010dn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, pokud se nejednalo o extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed vzduchu nebo nitroxu (mnoho opakovan\u00fdch ponor\u016f, hloub\u011bji ne\u017e 150 smv (45,7 m), vystaven\u00ed se v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1m atd.). Pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd v\u00fdskyt DSC zt\u011b\u017euje statistick\u00e9 vyhodnocen\u00ed, a proto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k definici rizika obecn\u011b takovou medodu, \u017ee upravujeme model podle postupn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00fdch informac\u00ed s vyu\u017eit\u00edm maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnosti. Tato maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost se p\u0159\u00edmo shoduje s binomin\u00e1ln\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed v\u00fdskytu DCS u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f a letc\u016f. V\u011b\u0159\u00edme, \u017ee n\u011bkolik n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mek posta\u010d\u00ed k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed matematick\u00e9ho postupu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a upravov\u00e1n\u00ed modelu na z\u00e1klad\u011b postupn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a\u017e k dosa\u017een\u00ed veli\u010diny naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost.
      Tento postup se prosadil a v sou\u010dasnosti je p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm naprosto b\u011b\u017en\u00fd.
       <\/p>\n

      Jak analyzujeme \u00fadaje v databank\u00e1ch profil\u016f?<\/strong>
      P\u0159i anal\u00fdze rizika se mus\u00ed pracovat s tzv. estim\u00e1torem (t.j. odhadcem) rizika, kter\u00fd se pou\u017eije pro vyhodnocen\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f. Dva nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed estimul\u00e1tory jsou funkce rizika ve vztahu k p\u0159esycen\u00ed a k n\u00e1r\u016fstu bublinek.
      Podrobn\u011b je to vysv\u011btleno nap\u0159. v d\u00edle Fyzika pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na mechaniku bublinek a teorii dekomprese. Pro laiky lze tyto dva estim\u00e1tory vysv\u011btlit n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. estim\u00e1tor (pom\u011br) rizika podle p\u0159esycen\u00ed = rozd\u00edl mezi celkov\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm inertn\u00edho plynu a okoln\u00edm tlakem d\u011bleno okoln\u00edm tlakem = m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko rizika;<\/li>\n
      2. estim\u00e1tor (pom\u011br) rizika podle bublinek = n\u00e1r\u016fst bublinek v ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dase d\u011bleno p\u016fvodn\u00edm objemem bublinek vyvolan\u00fdch kompres\u00ed-dekompres\u00ed = m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko rizika.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Matematick\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy a p\u0159edem stanoven\u00e9 parametry se pak p\u0159i\u0159ad\u00ed k z\u00edskan\u00fdm \u00fadaj\u016fm a provede se v\u00fdpo\u010det maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnosti, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se z\u00edsk\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost pro v\u0161echny pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 profily a v\u00fdsledky ulo\u017een\u00e9 v databance (ov\u0161em t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se profil\u016f s co nejpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi parametry a v\u00fdsledky).
        Pro p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f k v\u00fdsledk\u016fm je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f a pom\u011brn\u011b sofistikovan\u00e9ho matematick\u00e9ho software. V LANL jsou v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b k dispozici nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010de pro pr\u00e1ci v paraleln\u00edm re\u017eimu a d\u00edky tomu trv\u00e1 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed (t.j. proces p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed) pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tkou dobu. <\/p>\n

        V mnoha v\u00fdzkumech nekoreluje funkce rizika podle p\u0159esycen\u00ed s \u00fadaji ze zast\u00e1vky v hloubce, av\u0161ak funkce rizika podle
        bublinek zpravidla odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed jak \u00fadaj\u016fm ze zast\u00e1vek v hloubce, tak i v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b. Funkce rizika podle bublinek, kterou
        pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me my, je odvozena od bublinkov\u00e9ho modelu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho v LANL (RGBM) a podle dosavadn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f se osv\u011bd\u010duje jako velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 p\u0159i mnoha druz\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00edch. Ale m\u016f\u017eeme (s pot\u011b\u0161en\u00edm) podotknout, \u017ee i mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch modern\u00edch bublinkov\u00fdch model\u016f je stejn\u011b nebo podobn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch, a to na rozd\u00edl od model\u016f s rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm plynem.<\/p>\n

        \u010cemu jsme se nau\u010dili z databank profil\u016f?<\/strong>
        Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek by mohl pokra\u010dovat je\u0161t\u011b dlouho, ale prozat\u00edm posta\u010d\u00ed, kdy\u017e se zamysl\u00edte nad n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi z\u00e1v\u011bry: Projekt zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdzkumem pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (PDE) a Laborato\u0159 pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (DSL) Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy \u00fadaj\u016f ulo\u017een\u00fdch v PDE a SDL p\u0159inesly n\u011bkter\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 poznatky:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. modely nepokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u0161echny mo\u017enosti, a to v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy z\u00edskan\u00e9 \u00fadaje p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed hrani\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty;<\/li>\n
        2. techniky stanoven\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnosti ve spojen\u00ed s re\u00e1ln\u00fdmi modely jsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji pro stanoven\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch rizik;<\/li>\n
        3. podm\u00ednky p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (environment\u00e1ln\u00ed stresy) mohou zna\u010dn\u011b zvy\u0161ovat riziko;<\/li>\n
        4. index t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti (BMI) \u010dasto souvis\u00ed s rizikem DCS, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b u star\u0161\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f a u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f s nadv\u00e1hou;<\/li>\n
        5. v\u011bk, pohlav\u00ed a stupe\u0148 certifikace ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00famrt\u00ed nebo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho posti\u017een\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00edho s pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm;<\/li>\n
        6. hlavn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami zran\u011bn\u00ed a \u00famrt\u00ed p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed jsou utonut\u00ed, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 utonot\u00ed, barotrauma b\u011bhem v\u00fdstupu a DCS;<\/li>\n
        7. pouze 2% rekrea\u010dn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tabulky p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed ponor\u016f, ostatn\u00ed se spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d;<\/li>\n
        8. v oblasti rekrea\u010dn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se rychle roz\u0161i\u0159uje pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nitroxu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Databanka LANL<\/strong>
          Databanka LANL provedla anal\u00fdzu profil\u016f a porovn\u00e1vala v\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm podle rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho plynu oproti v\u00fdsledk\u016fm z\u00edskan\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm bublinek a do\u0161la k t\u011bmto z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Nov\u00e9 \u00fadaje ze zast\u00e1vek v hloubk\u00e1ch se podstatn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od \u00fadaj\u016f z minulosti, proto\u017ee star\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaje vych\u00e1zely p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ze zast\u00e1vek v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b, co\u017e m\u011blo samoz\u0159ejm\u011b dopad na pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed ponor\u016f;<\/li>\n
          2. \u00fadaje ze zast\u00e1vek v hlubok\u00e9 i m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b vykazuj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 odhady rizika pro pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed, v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b a zp\u016fsobem nonstop, proto\u017ee bublinkov\u00e9 modely a modely s rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm plynem se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shoduj\u00ed;<\/li>\n
          3. jestli\u017ee se pro anal\u00fdzy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze \u00fadaje ze zast\u00e1vek v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b, jsou odhady rizika podle rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho plynu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e odhady vypo\u010dten\u00e9 p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f ze zast\u00e1vek v hloubce; <\/li>\n
          4. v z\u00f3n\u011b 20 smv (6 m) jsou standardn\u00edmi “p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00edmi” plyny \u010dist\u00fd O2 nebo EAN80;<\/li>\n
          5. p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed plynn\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed se standardn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1vky v hloubce a probl\u00e9my s DCS se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytuj\u00ed;<\/li>\n
          6.  techni\u010dt\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di nepraktikuj\u00ed hloubkov\u00e9 p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed ze sm\u011bs\u00ed s h\u00e9liem na sm\u011bsi s dus\u00edkem, nam\u00edsto toho zvy\u0161uj\u00ed pod\u00edl kysl\u00edku sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm pod\u00edlu h\u00e9lia;<\/li>\n
          7. p\u0159i zast\u00e1vk\u00e1ch v hloubce se v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de s tabulkami a speci\u00e1ln\u00edm softwarem pro pl\u00e1novan\u00ed ponor\u016f se zast\u00e1vkami v hloubce;<\/li>\n
          8. p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tabulek, metrick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a software pro zast\u00e1vky v hloubce neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 odkazy na n\u011bjak\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed DCS v souvislosti s plynovou sm\u011bs\u00ed, dekompres\u00ed a hloubkov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm;<\/li>\n
          9. v\u00fdskyt DCS je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed u pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed technick\u00e9ho ne\u017e u rekrea\u010dn\u00edho, ale p\u0159esto n\u00edzk\u00fd;<\/li>\n
          10. u v\u0161ech druh\u016f pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se zvy\u0161uje pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed RB;<\/li>\n
          11. z\u00e1p\u011bs\u0165ov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de disponuj\u00ed takovou \u010dipovou rychlost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje spolehliv\u00e9 vyhodnocen\u00ed i nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch bublinkov\u00fdch model\u016f;<\/li>\n
          12. \u00fadaje z\u00edskan\u00e9 z technick\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje informac\u00ed pro korelaci model\u016f se z\u00edskan\u00fdmi \u00fadaji;<\/li>\n
          13. techni\u010dt\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vzduch, hlavn\u011b ne v hloubk\u00e1ch; p\u0159i v\u00fdprav\u00e1ch do hloubek vol\u00ed hlavn\u011b trimix nebo heliox;<\/li>\n
          14. tabulky, metrick\u00e9 \u00fadaje a software pro hloubkov\u00e9 zast\u00e1vky se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e9 oblib\u011b i u profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f;<\/li>\n
          15. technick\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se vyv\u00edj\u00ed ohromn\u00fdm tempem a d\u00edky \u00fadaj\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i n\u011bm z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed (a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016fm i po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016fm), se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdmi pro celou pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dskou ve\u0159ejnost.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>
            Dick Vann, Petar Denoble, Peter Bennett a Alessandro Marroni poskytli mnoho informac\u00ed o PDE a DSL a my jim touto cestou d\u011bkujeme za jejich p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek i pomoc. Tak\u00e9 jim pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00edk za zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed prvn\u00ed databanky profil\u016f zp\u016fsobem on-line. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed v\u0161em \u010dlen\u016fm t\u00fdmu v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159i v Los Alamos. Doslova neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed technika v t\u00e9to laborato\u0159i urychluje pr\u00e1ci na velmi slo\u017eit\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech. Rovn\u011b\u017e d\u011bkujeme mnoha \u0161kol\u00edc\u00edm instituc\u00edm (NAUI, ANDI, GUE, IDF, FDF), Meter Vendors (Suunto, Mares, Dacor, HydroSpace, Atomic Aquatics, UTC, Plexus, Zeagle, Steam Machines) a dodavatel\u016fm software (GAP, ABYSS, HydroSpace) za poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed statistick\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f a \u00fadaj\u016f o pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kolic\u00edch program\u016f RGBM, tabulek a metrick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Co jsou databanky profil\u016f? Databanky profil\u016f jsou rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 sb\u00edrky informac\u00ed o profilech ponor\u016f a jejich v\u00fdsledc\u00edch. Za \u00fa\u010delem vyhodnocen\u00ed a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed platnosti tabulek, metrick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11373961,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[],"authors":[],"class_list":["post-11385542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDATABANKY PROFIL\u016e - Alert Diver<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/databanky-profilu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DATABANKY PROFIL\u016e - Alert Diver\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Co jsou databanky profil\u016f? 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