{"id":11385559,"date":"2009-10-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-10-14T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/uncategorized-cs_cz\/dan-zacina-poskytovat-informace-o-nehodach-ke-kterym-doslo-pri-nadechovem-potapeni\/"},"modified":"2009-10-15T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2009-10-14T22:00:00","slug":"dan-zacina-poskytovat-informace-o-nehodach-ke-kterym-doslo-pri-nadechovem-potapeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/dan-zacina-poskytovat-informace-o-nehodach-ke-kterym-doslo-pri-nadechovem-potapeni\/","title":{"rendered":"DAN za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 poskytovat informace o nehod\u00e1ch, ke kter\u00fdm do\u0161lo p\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kategorie n\u00e1dechov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed N\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je \u010dinnost ve vod\u011b, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v pon\u011bkud obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b definovateln\u00e9 oblasti vymezen\u00e9 na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b plav\u00e1n\u00edm a na druh\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm se stla\u010den\u00fdm vzduchem. Pot\u00ed\u017e se spr\u00e1vnou definic\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 i v tom, \u017ee ji\u017e samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zev (v angli\u010dtin\u011b &ldquo;breath-hold&rdquo; znamen\u00e1 &ldquo;se zadr\u017een\u00fdm dechem&rdquo;) popisuje tuto \u010dinnost jen p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b, proto\u017ee \u00fapln\u00e9 zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dechu nen\u00ed povinn\u00e9 a nezbytn\u00e9 &ndash; tento zp\u016fsob pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed z\u00edskal sv\u016fj n\u00e1zev d\u00edky typick\u00e9mu a n\u00e1padn\u00e9mu pr\u016fvodn\u00edmu rysu, co\u017e je zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dechu. T\u00edmto n\u00e1zvem se definuje pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i ur\u010dit\u00e1 v\u00fdbava, zpravidla to je maska (\u010dasto v kombinaci s ochrann\u00fdm oblekem), z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fd opasek a\/nebo ploutev (ploutve). Na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se v\u0161ak tato v\u00fdbava pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 bez dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoliv d\u00fdchac\u00edho plynu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"> <strong>Existuje n\u011bkolik kategori\u00ed n\u00e1dechov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong> Pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se \u0161norchlem (s d\u00fdchac\u00ed trubic\u00ed), voln\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a harpunov\u00e1n\u00ed \/ lov pod vodou. Nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed kategori\u00ed je pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se \u0161norchlem. P\u0159i tomto zp\u016fsobu pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se ve vod\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 maska, \u0161norchl a ploutve (ale nedod\u00e1v\u00e1 se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd stla\u010den\u00fd vzduch). Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di se \u0161norchlem \u010dasto z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b na hladin\u011b a dech nikdy nezadr\u017euj\u00ed (a neprov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed ani ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 ponory, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch by museli zadr\u017eovat dech).<br \/> Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed voln\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed zpravidla nos\u00ed masku a ploutev nebo ploutve a pot\u00e1p\u011bj\u00ed se n\u011bkdy i do zna\u010dn\u00fdch hloubek, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zadr\u017euj\u00ed dech. Povaha jejich pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je velmi rozmanit\u00e1 a v podstat\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dvou okolnostech &ndash; na dovednostech a c\u00edlech ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka. Sout\u011b\u017ee ve voln\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se konaj\u00ed ve \u010dty\u0159ech discipl\u00edn\u00e1ch, z nich\u017e dv\u011b se hod\u00ed pro baz\u00e9ny a dv\u011b se zpravidla odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed na voln\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed je statick\u00e1 apnoe: pono\u0159en\u00ed se pod vodu, zastaven\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd dal\u0161\u00ed pohyb.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">P\u0159i dynamick\u00e9 apnoe se plave se zadr\u017een\u00fdm dechem horizont\u00e1ln\u011b v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed plav\u00e1n\u00ed s konstantn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed znamen\u00e1 kolm\u00fd pohyb dol\u016f a nahoru pod\u00e9l stanoven\u00e9 linie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d nese st\u00e1lou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zp\u016fsob bez omezen\u00ed znamen\u00e1 kolm\u00fd sestup dol\u016f se z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed a vzestup nahoru s podporou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Harpunov\u00e1n\u00ed\/lov pod vodou je loven\u00ed potravy pod vodou se zadr\u017een\u00fdm dechem. Dosa\u017een\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubky zde zpravidla nen\u00ed to nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<br \/> N\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 v baz\u00e9nu se v\u011bt\u0161inou ch\u00e1pe jako tr\u00e9ninkov\u00e1 \u010dinnost za \u00fa\u010delem co nejv\u00edce prodlou\u017eit dobu str\u00e1venou pod vodou; v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se nejedn\u00e1 o dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch hloubek. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci zde pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed techniky, nap\u0159. relaxaci a dobrovolnou hyperventilaci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se sna\u017e\u00ed ve zn\u00e1m\u00e9m a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159i ponorech co nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdkon\u016f.<br \/>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">DAN vede datab\u00e1zi o nehod\u00e1ch p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed od roku 1987. I kdy\u017e nehody souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s n\u00e1dechov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm do t\u00e9to z\u00e1kladn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze nepat\u0159\u00ed, n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady se sem od roku 1994 ohla\u0161uj\u00ed a tak\u00e9 se zde o nich vedou z\u00e1znamy. V\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va DAN o dekompresn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00edch, smrteln\u00fdch nehod\u00e1ch p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch projektech z roku 2005 p\u0159inesla prvn\u00ed souhrn dostupn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f o nehod\u00e1ch utrp\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. V budoucnu se budou tyto nehody sledovat a vy\u0161et\u0159ovat stejn\u011b, jako jak\u00e9koliv jin\u00e9 nehody spojen\u00e9 s pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm. <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00da\u010delem shrom\u00e1\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a anal\u00fdzy \u00fadaj\u016f o vyskytnuv\u0161\u00edch se nehod\u00e1ch nen\u00ed n\u011bkoho obvinit, ale pou\u010dit se z minul\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed do budoucna. K n\u011bkter\u00fdm nehod\u00e1m dojde, i kdy\u017e bylo v\u0161echno v po\u0159\u00e1dku &ndash; dostatek zku\u0161enost\u00ed, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 napl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed akce, adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdbava i podpora. Tyto p\u0159\u00edpady maj\u00ed poslou\u017eit jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka, \u017ee pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je v\u017edy spojeno s ur\u010dit\u00fdm rizikem a tak\u00e9 znovu upozor\u0148uj\u00ed na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee doslova v\u0161emu je pot\u0159eba v\u011bnovat nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou pozornost a p\u00e9\u010di. Jin\u00e9 nehody m\u011bly p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu v n\u011b\u010dem, co se d\u00e1 napravit &ndash; vyskytly se probl\u00e9my s kvalitou v\u00fdbavy a\/nebo s jej\u00ed \u00fadr\u017ebou, s jej\u00edm spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm, neodpov\u00eddal n\u00e1cvik a tr\u00e9nink, nebyl pou\u017eit\u00fd spr\u00e1vn\u00fd postup atd. <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tyto p\u0159\u00edpady upozor\u0148uj\u00ed na nutnost n\u011bco zm\u011bnit tak, aby se v budoucnu sn\u00ed\u017eilo riziko pro v\u0161echny \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed. Jeden z velk\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f statistik o nehod\u00e1ch je ten, \u017ee jen m\u00e1lokdy jsou o zn\u00e1m\u00e1 v\u0161echna fakta. Proto je n\u011bkdy zapot\u0159eb\u00ed tzv. vydedukovan\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f a\/ nebo kvalifikovan\u00fdch dohad\u016f.<br \/> Do zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z roku 2005 se dostalo 145 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nehod, kter\u00e9 se staly v obdob\u00ed 1994- 2004. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nehoda v\u0161ak nebyla pops\u00e1na komplexn\u011b a se v\u0161emi podstatn\u00fdmi okolnostmi a skute\u010dnostmi. Prakticky v\u0161echny ozn\u00e1men\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady skon\u010dily \u00famrt\u00edm (n=142, t.j. 98%). <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dinnosti ob\u011bti nehody do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 kategorie pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed bylo provedeno v 67% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f (n=97). V tabulce \u010d. 1 byl uveden p\u0159ehledn\u00fd souhrn v\u0161ech zn\u00e1m\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9 definice prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed (&ldquo;pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se \u0161norchlem&rdquo; a &ldquo;rekrea\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed&rdquo;) byly pou\u017eity u v\u00edce ne\u017e 60% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly nahl\u00e1\u0161eny a zaznamen\u00e1ny i s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi a podrobn\u00fdmi \u00fadaji. Celkem sporadick\u00fd v\u00fdskyt z\u00e1pis\u016f o nehod\u00e1ch utrp\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159i sout\u011b\u017e\u00edch v n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a p\u0159i tomto druhu pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v baz\u00e9nech nazna\u010duje, \u017ee p\u0159i t\u011bchto akc\u00edch k mnoha nehod\u00e1m nedo\u0161lo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvody \u00famrt\u00ed<\/strong><br \/> Jako \u010dast\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina nehod kon\u010d\u00edc\u00edch \u00famrt\u00edm jak p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9m, tak i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se uv\u00e1d\u00ed utonut\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel se v\u00ed jen velmi m\u00e1lo o tom, co vlastn\u011b utonut\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo, co k n\u011bmu p\u0159isp\u011blo. A kdy\u017e jsou dostupn\u00e9 \u00fadaje pouze ne\u00fapln\u00e9, jev\u00ed se jako p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny \u00famrt\u00ed faktory, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u0159ejm\u00e9 na prvn\u00ed pohled.<br \/> P\u0159itom je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee celou ud\u00e1lost mohlo doprov\u00e1zet mnoho nen\u00e1padn\u00fdch a m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 k fat\u00e1ln\u00edmu v\u00fdsledku rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bly. Jestli\u017ee se v\u011bnujete n\u00e1dechov\u00e9mu pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pro v\u00e1s pou\u010dn\u00e9 i prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 si takov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o nehod\u00e1ch p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst a porovnat pr\u016fb\u011bh zapsan\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed\/\u010dinnost\u00ed s va\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed prax\u00ed. P\u0159edstavte si krok po kroku pr\u016fb\u011bch sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch ponor\u016f a p\u0159itom porovn\u00e1vejte (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b poopravte) v\u0161e, co sami prov\u00e1d\u00edte &ndash; abyste co nejv\u00edce sn\u00ed\u017eili mo\u017en\u00e9 riziko.  <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hlavn\u00ed faktory maj\u00edc\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek \u00famrt\u00ed byly stanoveny a uvedeny pouze ve 24 procentech (n=34) zaznamenan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina dostupn\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f obsahuje jen p\u0159edb\u011b\u017enou kvalifikaci ohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 nehody. Navzdory ne\u00faplnosti \u00fadaj\u016f, hodnotitel\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali ur\u010dit n\u011bkolik hlavn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, kter\u00e9 se opakovaly.<\/p>\n<p> <strong>Zapleten\u00ed se<\/strong>: Zapleten\u00ed se do chaluh a mo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0159as, do lana harpuny nebo do kotevn\u00edho lana. P\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 jeho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk velmi m\u00e1lo \u010dasu na uvoln\u011bn\u00ed se ze spleti chaluh, lan nebo jin\u00fdch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek, v kter\u00fdch uv\u00edzl, proto se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t fat\u00e1ln\u00edm i velmi jednodu\u0161e napl\u00e1novan\u00fd ponor.<br \/> Velk\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de se mus\u00ed v\u011bnovat v\u00fdb\u011bru vhodn\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed a tak\u00e9 je nutno spr\u00e1vn\u011b posoudit, zdali se pro ur\u010ditou \u010dinnost (pro spln\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho \u00fakolu) hod\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159i harpunov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je mnohem bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat ty\u010dov\u00e9 harpuny i jin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouh\u00e1 lanka. Podobn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1dechov\u00fd ponor pro uvoln\u011bn\u00ed zasekl\u00e9 kotvy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, hlavn\u011b na rozbou\u0159en\u00e9m mo\u0159i nebo v hloubce, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na hranici pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dov\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed. A v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bje k pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dov\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti znalost konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed pod vodou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Interakce mezi \u010dlunem a pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dem<\/strong>: N\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f popisovalo n\u00e1razy \u010dlunu, kter\u00e9 zas\u00e1hly pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de na hladin\u011b. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech p\u0159itom byly pou\u017eity pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 praporky a nav\u00edc byli p\u0159\u00edtomni pozorovatel\u00e9 vyno\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed se na hladinu. Vyno\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sebou nese zna\u010dn\u00e9 riziko, hlavn\u011b v bl\u00edzkosti ru\u0161n\u00fdch vodn\u00edch cest. N\u00e1padn\u011b barevn\u00e9 obleky pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f a pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 praporky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f mohou zna\u010dn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it pravd\u011bpodobnost jejich v\u010dasn\u00e9ho zpozorov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00edc\u00edmi se \u010dluny.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"> <strong>Interakce mezi pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dem a n\u011bjak\u00fdm \u017eivo\u010dichem<\/strong>: Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jedn\u00e9 smrteln\u00e9 nehody byla med\u00faza. \u00datoky \u017eralok\u016f m\u011bly za n\u00e1sledek smrteln\u00e9 i jin\u00e9 nehody. V\u0161e nasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu, \u017ee \u017eraloky p\u0159itahuj\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di p\u0159i podmo\u0159sk\u00e9mu lovu s harpunou. O n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se d\u00e1 spekulovat, \u017ee pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d byl myln\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ko\u0159ist, nap\u0159. za tulen\u011b. I kdy\u017e jasn\u011b zbarven\u00fd oblek pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de p\u0159ed \u00fatokem \u017eraloka neochr\u00e1n\u00ed, ur\u010dit\u011b mu pom\u016f\u017ee na sebe upozornit po vyno\u0159en\u00ed se na hladinu. Zasa\u017een\u00e1 ryba nabodnut\u00e1 na harpun\u011b by se m\u011bla dopravit z vody co nejd\u0159\u00edve a v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by si ji nem\u011bl pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d p\u0159ipevnit k t\u011blu. <br \/> <strong>S\u00f3lo \/ \u010dinnosti s nedostate\u010dnou podporou<\/strong>: Smrteln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady byly zaznamen\u00e1ny u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed osamocen\u011b v baz\u00e9nu, ve sladkovodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b i na mo\u0159i. Je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee kdyby u toho byla je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed osoba, v\u00fdsledek by byl jin\u00fd &ndash; alespo\u0148 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Bezpe\u010dnost v \u010dist\u00e9 vod\u011b se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed, jestli\u017ee n\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed dv\u011b osoby spole\u010dn\u011b, a sice tak, \u017ee kdy\u017e je jeden pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d pod vodou, druh\u00fd jej zaji\u0161\u0165uje na hladin\u011b (syst\u00e9m &ldquo;jeden naho\u0159e, druh\u00fd dole&rdquo;), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubka vody v r\u00e1mci mo\u017enost\u00ed obou z nich. Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9m pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ponor\u016f je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161inou vy\u017eaduje pevnou organizaci a dobrou p\u0159\u00edpravu skupiny slo\u017een\u00e9 z v\u00edce ne\u017e dvou \u010dlen\u016f.<br \/> &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>: Drogy a alkohol. Pou\u017eit\u00ed l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 mohou sn\u00ed\u017eit ment\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dilost a\/nebo fyzick\u00fd v\u00fdkon p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rizikov\u00fd faktor. Konzumace alkoholu p\u0159edch\u00e1zela nejm\u00e9n\u011b dv\u011bma zaznamenan\u00fdm smrteln\u00fdm nehod\u00e1m. I kdy\u017e dopad vlivu alkoholu nejde p\u0159esn\u011b stanovit, je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee jeho konzumace negativn\u011b poznamenala rozhodnut\u00ed nebo v\u00fdkonnost, co\u017e nakonec p\u0159isp\u011blo k nehod\u011b s fat\u00e1ln\u00edmi n\u00e1sledky.<br \/> Nadm\u011brn\u00e1 hyperventilace a ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed z nedostatku kysl\u00edku. Nadm\u011brn\u00e1 hyperventilace p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm n\u00e1dechov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed by se mohla zd\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00fdm pochyben\u00edm, av\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 se o stejn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Hyperventilace m\u016f\u017ee toti\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v krvi. A jeliko\u017e je pot\u0159eba d\u00fdchat prim\u00e1rn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 hladinou oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v krvi, je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm parci\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku CO2 oslaben pocit nutkavosti k n\u00e1dechu, dokud se neobnov\u00ed jeho norm\u00e1ln\u00ed hladina v krvi. To m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek del\u0161\u00ed lh\u016fty zadr\u017een\u00e9ho d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159itom hyperventilace zvy\u0161uje t\u011blesnou z\u00e1sobu kysl\u00edku jen nev\u00fdrazn\u011b. <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Del\u0161\u00ed lh\u016fty se zadr\u017een\u00fdm dechem v\u0161ak vy\u00fast\u00ed v pokles parci\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku kysl\u00edku v krvi pod norm\u00e1ln\u00ed hladinu a nastane stav hypoxie. Nav\u00edc hypoxie vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 a\u017e p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b slab\u00e9 nutk\u00e1n\u00ed k nadechnut\u00ed se. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u011bl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161nou hyperventilaci, m\u016f\u017ee upadnout do bezv\u011bdom\u00ed kv\u016fli hypoxii (t.j. z nedostatku kysl\u00edku), ani\u017e by poci\u0165oval pot\u0159ebu nadechnout se. Tento stav je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako hypoxick\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed (anglicky: hypoxic loss of consciousness = HLOC).<br \/> V\u00fdpadek v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b (shallow-water blackout). Dal\u0161\u00ed komplikac\u00ed p\u0159i hloubkov\u00e9m n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak v hloubce stla\u010d\u00ed plyn v pl\u00edc\u00edch a t\u00edm se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak kysl\u00edku v krvi. Opa\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m a \u00fa\u010dinek nast\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed b\u011bhem pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dova v\u00fdstupu k hladin\u011b. Proto\u017ee se sni\u017euje okoln\u00ed tlak, sni\u017euje se i parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak kysl\u00edku, ov\u0161em mnohem rychleji, ne\u017e jak by tomu bylo jen jeho samotnou spot\u0159ebou. V posledn\u00ed f\u00e1zi v\u00fdstupu m\u016f\u017ee proto nastat rychl\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed, nebo\u0165 v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti ponoru doch\u00e1z\u00ed k relativn\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu poklesu tlaku. Tomuto jevu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00fdpadek v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b. <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed se rozhodnou pou\u017e\u00edvat hyperventilaci, zpravidla experimentuj\u00ed a pokou\u0161ej\u00ed se zjistit sv\u00e9 osobn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed limity. Jestli\u017ee v\u0161ak postupuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 razantn\u011b, mohou se dostat do velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situaci i pom\u011brn\u011b nepodstatn\u00fdm zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm hloubky ponoru, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm n\u00e1mahy nebo prodlou\u017een\u00edm \u010dasu zadr\u017eovan\u00e9ho dechu. Nadm\u011brn\u00e1 hyperventilace, kter\u00e1 p\u0159isp\u011bla ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b v\u011bdom\u00ed z nedostatku kysl\u00edku nebo v\u00fdpadek v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b mohly b\u00fdt hlavn\u00edmi d\u016fvody smrteln\u00fdch nehod zazmenan\u00fdch p\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, pro kter\u00e9 neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 jasn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. Tyto d\u016fvody se v\u011bt\u0161inou velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b prokazuj\u00ed, ale ur\u010dit\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o riziko, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1 snadno sn\u00ed\u017eit znalost\u00ed probl\u00e9mu a uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem.<br \/> &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Neodhozen\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee<\/strong>. Posledn\u00ed chybou, kterou se zde chceme zab\u00fdvat, je neodhozen\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9ho p\u00e1su v situaci, kter\u00e1 to vy\u017eaduje. N\u011bkolik ob\u011bt\u00ed smrteln\u00fdch nehod bylo nalezeno se z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fdmi p\u00e1sy p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00fdmi st\u00e1le na t\u011ble. U v\u011bt\u0161iny p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 stanovit, zdali schopnost spr\u00e1vn\u011b zareagovat byla \u010di nebyla znemo\u017en\u011bna n\u00e1hlou hypoxi\u00ed, nebo zdali byla d\u016fvodem takov\u00e9ho iracion\u00e1ln\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed panika. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nedostatek logick\u00e9ho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pops\u00e1n zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b.<br \/> Vy\u010derpan\u00fd pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d m\u011bl na sob\u011b sv\u016fj z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fd p\u00e1s i v dob\u011b, kdy\u017e k n\u011bmu p\u0159isp\u011bchali kolegov\u00e9 a pomohli mu, kdy\u017e byl ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na hladin\u011b. Tento pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d popsal stav, kter\u00fd u n\u011bj nastal bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u0159ed z\u00e1chranou tak, \u017ee u n\u011bj nastal n\u00e1hl\u00fd v\u00fdpadek v\u011bdom\u00ed. Kdyby dok\u00e1zal odhodit z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fd p\u00e1s kdykoliv b\u011bhem tohoto incidentu, z\u0159ejm\u011b by se dok\u00e1zal zachr\u00e1nit i bez ciz\u00ed pomoci.<br \/>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Probl\u00e9my s v\u00fdbavou<\/strong>: Nejm\u00e9n\u011b jeden pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d byl pozorov\u00e1n, jak ztratil v\u011bdom\u00ed (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b kv\u016fli v\u00fdpadku v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b) v okam\u017eiku, kdy se ji\u017e bl\u00ed\u017eil k hladin\u011b. Rychle klesl do v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky, ne\u017e v jak\u00e9 jej mohli kolegov\u00e9 \u010dekaj\u00edc\u00ed na hladin\u011b dos\u00e1hnout. Z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e pou\u017eit\u00e1 p\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se \u010dasto hodnot\u00ed pouze z pohledu dosa\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdkonu, ale mnohem d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je posuzovat ji z hlediska bezpe\u010dnosti. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d provozuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zat\u00ed\u017een tak, \u017ee se t\u011bsn\u011b pod hladinou bude m\u00edrn\u011b vzn\u00e1\u0161et, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed riziko potopen\u00ed do hloubky v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdpadku v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b. <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Zhor\u0161en\u00fd zdravotn\u00ed stav a nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 kondice<\/strong>: V dostupn\u00e9 dokumentaci se uv\u00e1d\u00ed n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f srde\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edhod, t\u0159\u00ed mozkov\u00e9 mrtvice a nejm\u00e9n\u011b jeden p\u0159\u00edpad nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 kondice.<br \/> V\u00fdsledkem t\u011bchto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch stav\u016f byla dv\u011b \u00famrt\u00ed. N\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u010dasto klade na pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de vysok\u00e9 po\u017eadavky, hlavn\u011b na otev\u0159en\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch, kde m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt voda rozbou\u0159en\u00e1 a n\u011bkdy je pot\u0159eba p\u0159ekonat siln\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed. Nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 kondice nebo jin\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed probl\u00e9my mohou znamenat, \u017ee se pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d nedok\u00e1\u017ee vypo\u0159\u00e1dat ani s norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi po\u017eadavky, kter\u00e9 sebou tento druh pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nese.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Shrnut\u00ed<\/strong><br \/> I kdy\u017e je n\u011bkolik smrteln\u00fdch nehod pops\u00e1no dostate\u010dn\u011b jak co do rozsahu, tak i zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, o v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b nehod, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159i n\u00e1dechov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed jsou k dispozici jen omezen\u00e9 informace. Nehody, kter\u00e9 neskon\u010dily \u00famrt\u00edm, se&nbsp; neohla\u0161uj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdy. \u00dadaje o nehod\u00e1ch fat\u00e1ln\u00edch i nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00edch \u00famrt\u00edm by poskytly cenn\u00e9 informace pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si mo\u017en\u00fdch nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed tr\u00e9ninku a zlep\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch hodnot\u00edc\u00edch postup\u016f. DAN bude i v budoucnu sledovat nehody souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s n\u00e1dechov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm, a sice stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak to \u010din\u00ed u nehod utrp\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159i jin\u00fdch druz\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Stru\u010dn\u00e9 definice<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"> <strong>Hyperventilace<\/strong>: V\u00fdm\u011bna plynu mezi pl\u00edcemi a atmosf\u00e9rou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rychlost\u00ed, ne\u017e je nutn\u00e1 pro t\u011blesn\u00fd metabolismus. Lze toho dos\u00e1hnout zrychlen\u00fdm nebo hlub\u0161\u00edm d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm, ne\u017e je norm\u00e1ln\u011b zapot\u0159eb\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fsledkem je vyt\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho z t\u011bla. Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd je \u010dinitel, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed k aktivaci d\u00fdchac\u00edho cyklu. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v t\u011ble p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm n\u00e1dechov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se potla\u010d\u00ed nutk\u00e1n\u00ed k d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed.<br \/> <strong>Hypoxick\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed (anglick\u00e1 zkratka = HLOC)<\/strong>: Ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed z nedostatku kysl\u00edku. Upozorn\u011bn\u00ed:Nadm\u011brn\u00e1 hyperventilace m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt za n\u00e1sledek n\u00e1hlou a ne\u010dekanou ztr\u00e1tu v\u011bdom\u00ed z nedostatku kysl\u00edku.<br \/> <strong>V\u00fdpadek v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b (shallow-water blackout)<\/strong>: Ztr\u00e1ta v\u011bdom\u00ed n\u00e1sledkem rychl\u00e9ho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku kysl\u00edku v krvi p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edho tlaku b\u011bhem v\u00fdstupu k hladin\u011b. K dostaven\u00ed se v\u00fdpadku v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt hyperventilace, a sice t\u00edm, \u017ee se prodlu\u017euje doba zadr\u017een\u00ed dechu. Upozorn\u011bn\u00ed: P\u0159i v\u00fdstupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k v\u00fdpadku v\u011bdom\u00ed v nehlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b \u010dasto a\u017e na hladin\u011b nebo t\u011bsn\u011b pod n\u00ed. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d s negativn\u00edm vztlakem m\u016f\u017ee ne\u010dekan\u011b klesnout zp\u011bt do hloubky pot\u00e9, co dos\u00e1hl hladiny.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kategorie n\u00e1dechov\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed N\u00e1dechov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je \u010dinnost ve vod\u011b, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v pon\u011bkud obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b definovateln\u00e9 oblasti vymezen\u00e9 na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b plav\u00e1n\u00edm a na druh\u00e9&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11374152,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[],"authors":[1521],"class_list":["post-11385559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","authors-neal-pollock-ph-d-cs_cz"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - 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