{"id":11385605,"date":"2014-04-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-04-14T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/uncategorized-cs_cz\/nezapomente-na-dychani\/"},"modified":"2014-04-15T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2014-04-14T22:00:00","slug":"nezapomente-na-dychani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/nezapomente-na-dychani\/","title":{"rendered":"Nezapome\u0148te na d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"


<\/a><\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka<\/strong><\/p>\n

V z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kurzech pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed na otev\u0159en\u00e9 vod\u011b se pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016fm \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 „nikdy nezadr\u017eujte dech“, aby nenastalo nebezpe\u010d\u00ed poran\u011bn\u00ed plic n\u00e1sledkem expanze stla\u010den\u00e9ho vzduchu p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu k hladin\u011b. Tak\u00e9 se zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee nejnebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdstupu je t\u011bsn\u011b pod hladinou. Pro\u010d je tomu tak? A k \u010demu vlastn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i poran\u011bn\u00ed plic expanduj\u00edc\u00edm plynem? Skute\u010dn\u011b se natrhnou nebo prasknou? Pl\u00edce jsou obklopen\u00e9 vakem napln\u011bn\u00fdm tekutinou, kde tedy doch\u00e1z\u00ed k expanzi? Je mezi pl\u00edcemi, zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm vakem a ostatn\u00edm t\u011blem n\u011bjak\u00fd pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd prostor? A pro\u010d je posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdstupu nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e, \u0159ekn\u011bme, p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky, ale ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubce? Nem\u011bn\u00ed se okoln\u00ed tlak p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu z 20timetrov\u00e9 hloubky do 10 metr\u016f stejn\u011b jako p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu z 10timetrov\u00e9 hloubky na hladinu?<\/p>\n

Odpov\u011b\u010f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Poran\u011bn\u00ed plic zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 expanz\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a \u017eivot nev\u00edce ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm nehod\u00e1m p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Zpravidla se jedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1sledek p\u0159ehu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed plic vzduchem z d\u016fvodu patologick\u00e9ho „uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed“ vzduchu (p\u0159i plicn\u00edm onemocn\u011bn\u00ed) nebo kv\u016fli zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dechu b\u011bhem v\u00fdstupu k hladin\u011b. Pro pochopen\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s poran\u011bn\u00edm plic je nezbytn\u00e9 pochopit anatomii tohoto org\u00e1nu. Hlavn\u00ed pr\u016fdu\u0161ky se d\u011bl\u00ed na \u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a men\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fdu\u0161inky, ty se d\u00e1le v\u011btv\u00ed na pr\u016fdu\u0161inky o st\u00e1le men\u0161\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru, a\u017e se vytvo\u0159\u00ed tzv. respira\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fdu\u0161inky kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed v plicn\u00edch skl\u00edpc\u00edch (alveol\u00e1ch). Plicn\u00ed skl\u00edpky jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jednotkou cel\u00e9 soustavy, nebo\u0165 pr\u00e1v\u011b v nich prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna plyn\u016f. Tyto jemn\u00e9 a k\u0159ehk\u00e9 vzduchov\u00e9 v\u00e1\u010dky jsou obklopen\u00e9 velmi tenkou membr\u00e1nou o tlou\u0161\u0165ce pouze jedn\u00e9 \u010di dvou bun\u011bk a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v s\u00edti jemn\u00fdch krevn\u00edch vl\u00e1se\u010dnic (kapil\u00e1r). Jestli\u017ee jsou pl\u00edce vystaveny atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9mu tlaku u hladiny mo\u0159e, pracuj\u00ed p\u0159i vdechov\u00e1n\u00ed a vydechov\u00e1n\u00ed v rovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9m stavu. P\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b v\u00fd\u0161ky doch\u00e1z\u00ed k m\u00edrn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m tlaku, av\u0161ak vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku uvnit\u0159 a vn\u011b plic b\u011bhem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho vdechnut\u00ed \u010di vydechnut\u00ed je pasivn\u00ed a prakticky nepozorovateln\u00e9. B\u011bhem ponoru do hloubky maj\u00ed v\u0161echny t\u011blesn\u00e9 prostory obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed vzduch tendenci smr\u0161tit se, a to t\u00edm v\u00edce, \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je okoln\u00ed tlak; nap\u0159. objem plic pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de se zadr\u017een\u00fdm dechem se zmen\u0161uje t\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u011bji, \u010d\u00edm hloub\u011bji ve vod\u011b sestupuje. Scuba regul\u00e1tory dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00ed plyn odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edle tlaku kolem pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de, proto se do plic dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace d\u00fdchac\u00edho plynu, co\u017e zabra\u0148uje zmen\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed objemu plic, ke kter\u00e9mu by jinak nutn\u011b doch\u00e1zelo. Jinak by se zv\u011bt\u0161oval objem plic natolik, a\u017e by se p\u0159ekro\u010dila mez pru\u017enosti skl\u00edpk\u016f a do\u0161lo by k poran\u011bn\u00ed plic. N\u00e1sledkem toho by se n\u00e1siln\u011b dostal plyn do jedn\u00e9 z t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed oblast\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. do prostoru v hrudn\u00ed dutin\u011b, co\u017e je stav zn\u00e1m\u00fd pod n\u00e1zvem pneumotorax;<\/li>\n
  2. do vlastn\u00edch plicn\u00edch tk\u00e1n\u00ed (do jejich mezibun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho prostoru), odkud se m\u016f\u017ee dostat do tk\u00e1n\u00ed krku nebo hrtanu;<\/li>\n
  3. do krve.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    V tomto posledn\u00edm zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b (v tzv. stavu arteri\u00e1ln\u00ed plynov\u00e9 embolie neboli AGE) se mohou bublinky p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et z plicn\u00edch vl\u00e1se\u010dnic prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm plicn\u00edch \u017eil do lev\u00e9 strany srdce a pot\u00e9 do krkavice nebo do basil\u00e1rn\u00edch tepen (s v\u00fdsledn\u00fdm stavem cerebr\u00e1ln\u00ed arteri\u00e1ln\u00ed plynov\u00e9 embolie neboli CAGE). I kdy\u017e toto vysv\u011btlen\u00ed vypad\u00e1 logicky, nen\u00ed zcela uspokojiv\u00e9. Jeliko\u017e je plicn\u00ed tk\u00e1\u0148 velice poddajn\u00e1, dalo by se o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee prostor mezi skl\u00edpky i v n\u011bm ulo\u017een\u00e9 c\u00e9vy jsou vystavov\u00e1ny stejn\u00e9mu tlaku jako skl\u00edpky. Tyto c\u00e9vy by se tedy mohly zbortit, co\u017e by zabr\u00e1nilo vstupu plynu. Plyn z\u0159ejm\u011b vstupuje do c\u00e9v v „roz\u00edch“ pl\u00edce – nap\u0159. v oblasti mezi pl\u00edc\u00ed a mezihrud\u00edm, kde mohou rozd\u00edly tlaku zp\u016fsobit protr\u017een\u00ed, co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed vstup dal\u0161\u00edho plynu. Zde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee v\u00fdstup se zadr\u017een\u00fdm dechem z hloubky pouh\u00e9ho 1,2 metru mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody (mmv) k hladin\u011b m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k protr\u017een\u00ed plicn\u00edch skl\u00edpk\u016f a v\u00fdskytu jednoho z t\u0159\u00ed shora uveden\u00fdch poran\u011bn\u00ed. Pro vztah mezi objemem dan\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed plynu a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm tlakem na n\u011bj plat\u00ed Boyle\u016fv z\u00e1kon. V podstat\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee irsk\u00fd fyzik a chemik Robert Boyle objevil, \u017ee za st\u00e1l\u00e9 teploty a p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed plynu je objem plynu nep\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd tlaku p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edmu na dan\u00fd plyn. Kdy\u017e se tlak zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed, objem plynu se zmen\u0161\u00ed na polovinu oproti p\u016fvodn\u00edmu objemu. A opa\u010dn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e se tlak sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed o polovinu, objem plynu se zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed. <\/p>\n

    Pro pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de v hloubce 4,6 mmv \u010din\u00ed celkov\u00fd tlak p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na jeho t\u011blo 1,5 atmosf\u00e9ry (t. j. sou\u010det jedn\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry na hladin\u011b plus dal\u0161\u00ed 0,5 atmosf\u00e9ry tlaku vodn\u00edho sloupce). N\u00e1hl\u00fd v\u00fdstup k hladin\u011b by tedy znamenal 30tiprocentn\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlaku a vzhledem k pru\u017en\u00e9 st\u011bn\u011b hrudn\u00edku n\u00e1r\u016fst objemu o 50 procent. M\u016f\u017ee tedy doj\u00edt k poran\u011bn\u00ed plic. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsou zm\u011bny objemu men\u0161\u00ed, nebo\u0165 okoln\u00ed st\u011bna hrudn\u00edku je do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry pevn\u00e1 a poskytuje plic\u00edm ur\u010ditou ochranu. Kdyby v\u0161ak ke stejn\u00e9 rozd\u00edlov\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b v\u00fd\u0161ky vodn\u00edho sloupce do\u0161lo z hloubky 20 mmv, zp\u016fsobil by v\u00fdsledn\u00fd rozd\u00edl tlaku o 0,5 atmosf\u00e9ry pouze 16tiprocentn\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlaku a tedy 20tiprocentn\u00ed nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed objemu plic, co\u017e by znamenalo men\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost plicn\u00edho poran\u011bn\u00ed. Boyle\u016fv z\u00e1kon tedy vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d jsou prudk\u00e9 zm\u011bny hloubky v m\u011blk\u00e9 vod\u011b daleko nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stejn\u00e9 zm\u011bny hloubky, ke kter\u00fdm dojde v hlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b.<\/p>\n


    <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ot\u00e1zka V z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kurzech pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed na otev\u0159en\u00e9 vod\u011b se pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016fm \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 „nikdy nezadr\u017eujte dech“, aby nenastalo nebezpe\u010d\u00ed poran\u011bn\u00ed plic n\u00e1sledkem expanze stla\u010den\u00e9ho vzduchu p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11374912,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[],"authors":[567],"class_list":["post-11385605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","authors-dan-staff-cs_cz"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNezapome\u0148te na d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed - Alert Diver<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/nezapomente-na-dychani\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nezapome\u0148te na d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed - 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