{"id":11385610,"date":"2014-06-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-06-22T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/uncategorized-cs_cz\/teorie-v-praxi-pri-vystupech-v-nouzi-jak-zvladat-nebezpeci\/"},"modified":"2014-06-23T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2014-06-22T22:00:00","slug":"teorie-v-praxi-pri-vystupech-v-nouzi-jak-zvladat-nebezpeci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/teorie-v-praxi-pri-vystupech-v-nouzi-jak-zvladat-nebezpeci\/","title":{"rendered":"Teorie v praxi p\u0159i v\u00fdstupech v nouzi: Jak zvl\u00e1dat nebezpe\u010d\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

Nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup b\u00fdv\u00e1 posledn\u00ed mo\u017enou reakc\u00ed na n\u011bjakou nep\u0159\u00edjemnou ud\u00e1lost nebo na nebezpe\u010d\u00ed hroz\u00edc\u00ed b\u011bhem ponoru. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016fm se v kurzech vysv\u011btluj\u00ed standardn\u00ed postupy pro nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup, a kdy\u017e se v\u0161echna doporu\u010den\u00ed respektuj\u00ed, ur\u010dit\u011b to zm\u00edrn\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Jen m\u00e1lo jedinc\u016f v\u0161ak tyto dovednosti skute\u010dn\u011b nacvi\u010duje a v krizov\u00e9 situaci, kdy je jich zapot\u0159eb\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d vystaven riziku v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9ho zran\u011bn\u00ed nebo dokonce \u00famrt\u00ed.  <\/p>\n

Statistiky <\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159i ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 anyl\u00fdze 964 fat\u00e1ln\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch nehod jsme zjistili, \u017ee v 30 procentech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se pou\u017eily nouzov\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy – p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno v 288 p\u0159\u00edpadech. Z toho p\u0159i 189 v\u00fdstupech byl pozorov\u00e1n nebo zaznamen\u00e1n velmi rychl\u00fd v\u00fdstup (rychleji ne\u017e 20 m za minutu). V 10 procentech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pokusili o voln\u00fd nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup bez pou\u017eit\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00edho plynu. D\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed s pomoc\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00edka (buddy breathing) se vyskytlo v 8 procentech fat\u00e1ln\u00edch nouzov\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f. Ve zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech nebyl zp\u016fsob nouzov\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu p\u0159esn\u011b specifikov\u00e1n.  <\/p>\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem pro nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup je doch\u00e1zen\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00edho plynu b\u011bhem ponoru, co\u017e je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1 snadno p\u0159edch\u00e1zet. V\u00edce informac\u00ed na toto t\u00e9ma bylo uvedeno v \u010dl\u00e1nku Bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed: Nejedn\u00e1 se o n\u00e1hody<\/a> (AlertDiver.eu, 2014; 52<\/em>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrt\u00ed p\u0159i fat\u00e1ln\u00edch nouzov\u00fdch v\u00fdstupech se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt  tepenn\u00e1 plynov\u00e1 embolie (AGE), ke kter\u00e9 do\u0161lo v 54 procentech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, pot\u00e9 podle statistik n\u00e1sledovalo 18 procent p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f utonut\u00ed, 7 procent  akutn\u00edch srde\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edhod a 5 procent dekompresn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. AGE je stav podobn\u00fd mozkov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhod\u011b s n\u00e1hl\u00fdm dostaven\u00edm se slabosti a\u017e bezv\u011bdom\u00ed, k \u010demu\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika minut od vyno\u0159en\u00ed se nad hladinu. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d \u010dasto ztrat\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se dostane ven z vody nebo brzy po vyno\u0159en\u00ed se.<\/p>\n

Jak zvl\u00e1dat nebezpe\u010d\u00ed <\/strong><\/p>\n

Jako pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di se v\u0161ichni u\u010d\u00edme, \u017ee bychom pod vodou nikdy nem\u011bli zadr\u017eovat dech. V nouzov\u00e9 situaci v\u0161ak pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di na tuto informaci (a pro\u010d je tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1) \u010dasto zapom\u00ednaj\u00ed. Kdy\u017e pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d stoup\u00e1 vzh\u016fru a okoln\u00ed tlak kles\u00e1, vzduch v jeho plic\u00edch se rozp\u00edn\u00e1. D\u00fdch\u00e1-li pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d norm\u00e1ln\u011b, nenastane \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m, proto\u017ee expanduj\u00edc\u00ed plyn z t\u011bla vystupuje ka\u017ed\u00fdm jednotliv\u00fdm v\u00fddechem. K nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situaci doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychl\u00e9m v\u00fdstupu, nebo kdy\u017e pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu zadr\u017euje dech. Expanduj\u00edc\u00ed plyn mus\u00ed n\u011bkam odch\u00e1zet a v takov\u00e9 situaci dok\u00e1\u017ee doslova protrhnout v pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dov\u00fdch plic\u00edch otvor, kter\u00fdm se pak plyn dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do t\u011bla. Ke zran\u011bn\u00edm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm p\u0159etlakem v plic\u00edch pat\u0159\u00ed mediastin\u00e1ln\u00ed emfyz\u00e9m (vzduch mezi pl\u00edcemi), podko\u017en\u00ed emfyz\u00e9m (vzduch pod k\u016f\u017e\u00ed) a pneumotorax (plicn\u00ed kolaps). Nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e se unikaj\u00edc\u00ed plyn dostane do c\u00e9vn\u00edho ob\u011bhu. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mu nelze zabr\u00e1nit na cest\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo do mozku, kde vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed embolus a blokuje pr\u016ftok krve. <\/p>\n

V krizov\u00e9 situaci nouzov\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di zapom\u00ednaj\u00ed na sv\u016fj v\u00fdcvik a m\u00edvaj\u00ed strach vydechovat, aby jim dech nedo\u0161el d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se dostanou na hladinu. P\u0159i v\u00fdstupech z rekrea\u010dn\u00edch hloubek v\u0161ak expanduj\u00edc\u00ed vzduch v pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dov\u00fdch plic\u00edch je v\u00edc ne\u017e dostate\u010dn\u00fd, aby jej udr\u017eel p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech by v\u0161ak utonul jen m\u00e1lokter\u00fd pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e by vystoupil na hladinu. <\/p>\n

Pamatujte si, co jste se u\u010dili <\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak se m\u00e1 tedy postupovat p\u0159i nouzov\u00e9m v\u00fdstupu a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00edm  nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm zran\u011bn\u00edm? Zde plat\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u011b to, co u jak\u00e9koliv jin\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 nehody – nejl\u00e9pe se nouzov\u00e9mu v\u00fdstupu zcela vyhnout. Pot\u00e1p\u011bjte se tak, jak jste se tomu u\u010dili. Ka\u017ed\u00fd ponor si pe\u010dliv\u011b napl\u00e1nujte a k hladin\u011b vystupujte s dostate\u010dnou z\u00e1sobou zbytkov\u00e9ho vzduchu. Sv\u016fj pl\u00e1n dodr\u017eujte. Samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt, \u017ee svou z\u00e1sobu vzduchu budete st\u00e1le pe\u010dliv\u011b sledovat.  <\/p>\n

Jak v\u0161ak postupovat, kdy\u017e budete d\u011blat v\u0161e spr\u00e1vn\u011b, a p\u0159esto se ocitnete v situaci, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eaduje nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup?<\/p>\n

Za prv\u00e9, nepanika\u0159te. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho \u00favodn\u00edho certifika\u010dn\u00edho kurzu se v\u00e1m dostalo instrukc\u00ed, jak se prov\u00e1d\u00ed nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup. P\u0159esto znovu opakujeme spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Prove\u010fte norm\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrolovan\u00fd v\u00fdstup s regul\u00e1torem v \u00fastech.<\/li>\n
  2. Vyhledejte sv\u00e9ho spole\u010dn\u00edka a z\u00edskejte od n\u011bj sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroj vzduchu (nebo jeho prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroj, jestli\u017ee on „pojede“ na zdroj sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed, z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed to na konfiguraci jeho v\u00fdstroje). P\u0159i tomto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i maj\u00ed m\u00edt oba pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fd zdroj vzduchu, co\u017e ob\u011bma umo\u017en\u00ed pomal\u00fd kontrolovan\u00fd v\u00fdstup k hladin\u011b.<\/li>\n
  3. Nem\u016f\u017eete-li se dostat ke sv\u00e9mu spole\u010dn\u00edkovi (\u010di k jin\u00e9mu pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di), nebo va\u0161emu spole\u010dn\u00edkovi tak\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed vzduch, prove\u010fte kontrolovan\u00fd nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup na svou vlastn\u00ed p\u011bst. A znovu opakujeme, nepanika\u0159te. Uv\u011bdomte si, \u017ee s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed m\u00e1te v plic\u00edch dost vzduchu, abyste s n\u00edm vydr\u017eeli a\u017e na hladinu. Postupujte tak, jak jste se to u\u010dili v kurzu: Regul\u00e1tor mus\u00edte m\u00edt neust\u00e1le v \u00fastech; n\u011bkdy vzduch expanduje a to v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed rychle se znovu nadechnout. B\u011bhem cel\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu k hladin\u011b vydechujte pomalu a hlavn\u011b vystupujte pomalu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 dovednosti, i nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup by se m\u011bl nacvi\u010dovat pravideln\u011b. Zajd\u011bte si se sv\u00fdm spole\u010dn\u00edkem do baz\u00e9nu, ot\u0159ete pavu\u010diny ze sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1hradn\u00edho d\u00fdchac\u00edho zdroje a nacvi\u010dujte nouzov\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy p\u0159i horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm plav\u00e1n\u00ed.  <\/p>\n

    Nouzov\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy jsou reakc\u00ed na n\u011bjakou \u017eivot ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed situaci pod vodou. Navzdory nal\u00e9hav\u00fdm a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fdm okolnostem, kter\u00e9 s takov\u00fdmi v\u00fdstupy souvisej\u00ed, mohou b\u00fdt d\u00edky dobr\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu n\u00e1cviku bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm v situac\u00edch, kv\u016fli kter\u00fdm je jich zapot\u0159eb\u00ed.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup b\u00fdv\u00e1 posledn\u00ed mo\u017enou reakc\u00ed na n\u011bjakou nep\u0159\u00edjemnou ud\u00e1lost nebo na nebezpe\u010d\u00ed hroz\u00edc\u00ed b\u011bhem ponoru. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016fm se v kurzech vysv\u011btluj\u00ed standardn\u00ed postupy pro nouzov\u00fd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11374962,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[],"authors":[968],"class_list":["post-11385610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","authors-eric-douglas-cs_cz"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTeorie v praxi p\u0159i v\u00fdstupech v nouzi: Jak zvl\u00e1dat nebezpe\u010d\u00ed - Alert Diver<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/teorie-v-praxi-pri-vystupech-v-nouzi-jak-zvladat-nebezpeci\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Teorie v praxi p\u0159i v\u00fdstupech v nouzi: Jak zvl\u00e1dat nebezpe\u010d\u00ed - Alert Diver\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  Nouzov\u00fd v\u00fdstup b\u00fdv\u00e1 posledn\u00ed mo\u017enou reakc\u00ed na n\u011bjakou nep\u0159\u00edjemnou ud\u00e1lost nebo na nebezpe\u010d\u00ed hroz\u00edc\u00ed b\u011bhem ponoru. 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