{"id":11409895,"date":"2024-05-16T10:42:56","date_gmt":"2024-05-16T08:42:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/?p=11409895"},"modified":"2024-05-16T12:23:56","modified_gmt":"2024-05-16T10:23:56","slug":"strach-a-averze-spojene-s-pristrojovym-potapenim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/strach-a-averze-spojene-s-pristrojovym-potapenim\/","title":{"rendered":"Strach a averze spojen\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Strach je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 emoce u lid\u00ed a na\u0161ich p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch savc\u016f. Signalizuje mysli p\u0159\u00edtomnost nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situace. Stejn\u011b jako u v\u0161ech emoc\u00ed hraje strach d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v na\u0161em du\u0161evn\u00edm fungov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed strach ze vstupu do tmav\u00e9 \u00fazk\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di spr\u00e1vn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v t\u00e9to jeskyni je riskantn\u00ed, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b bez dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdcviku.<\/p>\n

Strach m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 kontraproduktivn\u00ed: N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 se necht\u011bj\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bt v\u016fbec, proto\u017ee se p\u0159ehnan\u011b boj\u00ed nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed a situac\u00ed, s nimi\u017e se mohou b\u011bhem ponoru setkat, jako jsou \u017eraloci. Strach m\u016f\u017ee br\u00e1nit v\u00fdkonu b\u011bhem ponoru a dokonce se m\u016f\u017ee stup\u0148ovat a v\u00e9st a\u017e k panice. Tyto p\u0159\u00edpady m\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat za nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed reakce na strach, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee se lid\u00e9 dostali do prost\u0159ed\u00ed (plav\u00e1n\u00ed pod vodou p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed), pro kter\u00e9 se nevyvinuli a na kter\u00e9 \u010dasto nejsou zvykl\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku probereme, co modern\u00ed v\u00fdzkum mozku zjistil o strachu a jak tato zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed souvis\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u017dralok \u0161ed\u00fd, vid\u011bn\u00fd v Maroubra v Austr\u00e1lii. Tato ryba v nejednom pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di vyvol\u00e1 strach. Ve skute\u010dnosti je to tvor zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na po\u017e\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed ryb (jak lze tak\u00e9 odvodit z jeho \u0161pi\u010dat\u00fdch zub\u016f s ostr\u00fdmi hroty) a nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 setk\u00e1n\u00ed s pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di jsou extr\u00e9mn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e1. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f je strach ze \u017eralok\u016f nevhodnou funkc\u00ed emoce strachu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Fyziologie strachu<\/h3>\n

Jakmile se \u010dlov\u011bk za\u010dne b\u00e1t, nap\u0159\u00edklad kv\u016fli ne\u010dekan\u00e9mu probl\u00e9mu pod vodou, dojde v jeho t\u011ble k \u0159ad\u011b fyziologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Zrychluje se d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, srdce bije rychleji a krevn\u00ed tlak stoup\u00e1. Mnoho \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f za\u017eilo tyto zm\u011bny na sv\u00e9m vlastn\u00edm t\u011ble.<\/p>\n

Ale nemus\u00edme b\u00fdt nutn\u011b jen pasivn\u011b vyd\u00e1ni napospas sv\u00e9mu strachu. Zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm mysli a aktivn\u00edm ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm dechu m\u016f\u017eeme sv\u016fj strach zvl\u00e1dnout.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd poznatek z v\u00fdzkumu mozku, se kter\u00fdm se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me, je ten, \u017ee mozek s\u00e1m se sebou hodn\u011b mluv\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina spojen\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi oblastmi mozku nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed z na\u0161ich smysl\u016f (z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta), ale z jin\u00fdch oblast\u00ed mozku. Oblasti mozku zapojen\u00e9 do pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a sebekontroly mohou ovlivnit ty, kter\u00e9 jsou zapojen\u00e9 do strachu. Ale kter\u00e9 oblasti mozku to jsou?<\/p>\n

Strach v mozku<\/h3>\n

Lidsk\u00fd mozek je rozd\u011blen do n\u011bkolika oblast\u00ed, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 m\u00e1 odli\u0161n\u00e9 funkce p\u0159i ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161ich emoc\u00ed, pocit\u016f a chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Oblast mozku, kter\u00e1 se nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bji pod\u00edl\u00ed na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed strachu, je amygdala. Amygdala je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed toho, co se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 limbick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, co\u017e je syst\u00e9m mozkov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed zapojen\u00fdch do emo\u010dn\u00edch a nedobrovoln\u00fdch funkc\u00ed. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b na\u0161eho mozku je jedna amygdala. Amygdala propojuje vstupy z na\u0161ich smysl\u016f, jako je zrak a sluch, s informacemi o nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech. V podstat\u011b je to \u00fast\u0159edna v na\u0161em mozku, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u010deho bychom se m\u011bli rozumn\u011b b\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Amygdala je tak\u00e9 zapojena do toho, \u010demu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 podmi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed strachu: Kdy\u017e za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me bolest a sly\u0161\u00edme ur\u010dit\u00fd zvuk, spoj\u00edme si zvuk s bolest\u00ed. Samotn\u00fd zvuk n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee v budoucnu rozt\u0159\u00e1st: Nau\u010dili jsme se b\u00e1t zvuku. Zku\u0161en\u00ed instrukto\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se setkaj\u00ed se studenty, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli v d\u011btstv\u00ed epizodu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 utonut\u00ed a od t\u00e9 doby se boj\u00ed j\u00edt pod vodu. Tento druh spojen\u00ed mezi traumatickou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed (bl\u00edzko utonut\u00ed) a pocitem (b\u00fdt ve vod\u011b) je ulo\u017een v amygdale. Vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto druhu podmi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed strachu vy\u017eaduje hodn\u011b \u00fasil\u00ed a trp\u011blivosti.<\/p>\n

Amygdala je vysoce propojena s dal\u0161\u00ed oblast\u00ed mozku zvanou medi\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra1<\/sup>. Medi\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra se pod\u00edl\u00ed na exekutivn\u00edch funkc\u00edch<\/em>, co\u017e je pon\u011bkud m\u00f3dn\u00ed term\u00edn pro pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a sebekontrolu. Spojen\u00ed mezi medi\u00e1ln\u00edm prefront\u00e1ln\u00edm kortexem (sebeovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm) a amygdalou (strachem) p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed na\u0161i psychologickou schopnost regulovat strach.<\/p>\n

Strach a nark\u00f3za inertn\u00edm plynem<\/h3>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina zku\u0161en\u00fdch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f bude souhlasit s t\u00edm, \u017ee nark\u00f3za inertn\u00edm plynem ovliv\u0148uje jejich emo\u010dn\u00ed stavy. Pokud jde o strach, \u00fa\u010dinky nark\u00f3zy mohou j\u00edt ob\u011bma sm\u011bry: \u201eNark\u00f3za\u201c m\u016f\u017ee uklidnit nebo m\u016f\u017ee zes\u00edlit ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed obavy.<\/p>\n

Existuje n\u011bkolik v\u011bdeck\u00fdch studi\u00ed z posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159\u00edmo zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed spojen\u00edm nark\u00f3zy inertn\u00edm plynem se strachem a \u00fazkost\u00ed (co\u017e jsou dva souvisej\u00edc\u00ed, ale ne toto\u017en\u00e9 pojmy).2,3<\/sup> Studie L\u00f6fdahla a koleg\u016f zji\u0161\u0165ovala, jak subjekty hodnot\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed obsah obr\u00e1zk\u016f p\u0159i sezen\u00ed v dekompresn\u00ed komo\u0159e p\u0159i tlaku odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm ponoru do 39 metr\u016f. P\u0159i vysok\u00e9m tlaku subjekty posuzovaly emocion\u00e1ln\u011b nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky jako o n\u011bco m\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 a sn\u00edmky vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed strach ohodnotily jako m\u00e9n\u011b d\u011bsiv\u00e9 v hloubce ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se stejn\u00fdmi sn\u00edmky na povrchu. Tento uklid\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek nark\u00f3zy m\u016f\u017ee souviset s \u00farovn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di se c\u00edt\u00ed klidn\u011bji, kdy\u017e jsou \u201eznarkotizov\u00e1ni\u201c.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 studie Hobbse a Knellera uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinky nark\u00f3zy inertn\u00edm plynem se s \u00fazkost\u00ed zhor\u0161uj\u00ed. V t\u00e9to studii byly subjekty \u2013 obecn\u011b zku\u0161en\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di s pr\u016fm\u011brem 300 ponor\u016f \u2013 skute\u010dn\u011b pod vodou a pot\u00e1p\u011bli se do hloubky asi 40 metr\u016f. V hloubce provedli typ IQ testu p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00edsmen k \u010d\u00edsl\u016fm na tabulce, s omezen\u00fdm \u010dasem na dokon\u010den\u00ed \u00fakolu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd subjekt si vedl h\u016f\u0159e v hloubce ne\u017e na povrchu, ale pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed hl\u00e1sili \u00fazkost, dopadli nejh\u016f\u0159e. Strach v\u017edy naru\u0161uje p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinek je siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e se pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nark\u00f3za inertn\u00edm plynem. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee by to bylo proto, \u017ee amygdala v t\u011bchto podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pracuje na pln\u00e9 obr\u00e1tky?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hlubinn\u00e9 a vrakov\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed jsou \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 mohou u pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f vyvolat strach. Mugami Maru, Malapascua, Filip\u00edny, v hloubce 55 metr\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ovliv\u0148uje nark\u00f3za inertn\u00edm plynem amygdalu?<\/h3>\n

Zjevnou ot\u00e1zkou v kontextu tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je, jak p\u0159esn\u011b nark\u00f3za inertn\u00edm plynem ovliv\u0148uje amygdalu. Odpov\u011b\u010f je, \u017ee to vlastn\u011b nikdo nev\u00ed. Vliv vysok\u00fdch tlak\u016f plyn\u016f na fyziologii mozkov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a jednotliv\u00fdch nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk je samostatn\u00fdm t\u00e9matem ve v\u011bd\u011b o mozku.<\/p>\n

Existuje v\u0161ak mal\u00fd, ale cenn\u00fd v\u00fdstup\/v\u00fdsledek relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu o vlivu vysok\u00fdch tlak\u016f na funkci nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk obecn\u011b. V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee funkce nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk nen\u00ed zp\u016fsobena jen zm\u011bnami tekutosti bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch membr\u00e1n p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch tlac\u00edch. Vysok\u00e9 tlaky plynu tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed funkce iontov\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f, protein\u016f, kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed jako br\u00e1ny v membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Pokud je mi v\u0161ak zn\u00e1mo, nikdo konkr\u00e9tn\u011b nestudoval amygdalu p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch okoln\u00edch tlac\u00edch plynu.<\/p>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9 ze studi\u00ed na iontov\u00fdch kan\u00e1lech extrapolovat zm\u011bny ve funkci na\u0161eho centra strachu, amygdaly? Pouze ve velmi obecn\u00e9m smyslu. Iontov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny ve v\u0161ech nervov\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch amygdaly v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kombinac\u00edch a hustot\u00e1ch. V d\u016fsledku toho budou v\u0161echny tyto nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ovlivn\u011bny.<\/p>\n

Analogicky si p\u0159edstavme n\u011bkoho, kdo si pohr\u00e1v\u00e1 s v\u00edce sou\u010d\u00e1stmi motocyklu sou\u010dasn\u011b \u2013 lad\u00ed motor, upravuje brzdy a nasazuje vet\u0161\u00ed kola. Ovlivn\u00ed tato kombinace zm\u011bn zp\u016fsob, jak ten motocykl pojede? Odpov\u011b\u010f je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u011b ano, ale jak p\u0159esn\u011b, to si ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee jen domyslet. Je to podobn\u00e9 tomu, co se d\u011bje s amygdalou a limbick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem b\u011bhem hlubok\u00e9ho ponoru \u2013 m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, ale nem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edv\u00eddat, kter\u00fdm sm\u011brem se vydaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u0161ichni jsme sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jedine\u010dn\u00ed, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pokud jde o na\u0161e mozky. Zku\u0161enosti, kter\u00e9 nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00edme v na\u0161ich \u017eivotech, vytvo\u0159\u00ed spojen\u00ed v na\u0161\u00ed amygdale takov\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00e9 jsou specifick\u00e9 pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka \u2013 podmi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed strachu, o kter\u00e9m jsme hovo\u0159ili v\u00fd\u0161e. Jak\u00e9koli reakce strachu, kter\u00e9 bychom mohli za\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, budou v\u00fdsledkem tohoto velmi specifick\u00e9ho procesu zapojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Odkazy: <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Reppucci, C. J., & Petrovich, G. D. (2016). Organization of connections between the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus: a single and double retrograde tracing study in rats. Brain Structure and Function, 221, 2937-2962.<\/li>\n
  2. L\u00f6fdahl, P., Andersson, D., & Bennett, M. (2013). Nitrogen narcosis and emotional processing during compressed air breathing. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 84(1), 17-21.<\/li>\n
  3. Hobbs, M., & Kneller, W. (2011). Anxiety and psychomotor performance in divers on the surface and underwater at 40 m. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 82(1), 20-25.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    O autorovi<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Dr. Klaus M. Stiefel je biolog, instruktor pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a v\u011bdeck\u00fd spisovatel p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na Filip\u00edn\u00e1ch. Jeho nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kniha s Dr. Jamesem D. Reimerem \u201e25 Future Dives<\/span><\/a>\u201c byla vyd\u00e1na v roce 2024 u Asian Geographic (Singapur). Klausovy podvodn\u00ed fotografie a videa lze nal\u00e9zt na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch pod \u201ePacificklaus<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

    \n

    P\u0159ekladatel:<\/strong> Klement Hartinger<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Strach je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 emoce u lid\u00ed a na\u0161ich p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch savc\u016f. Signalizuje mysli p\u0159\u00edtomnost nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situace. Stejn\u011b jako u v\u0161ech emoc\u00ed hraje strach d\u016fle\u017eitou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":11409860,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[1877],"authors":[2004],"class_list":["post-11409895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","tag-zajimavosti","authors-klaus-stiefel-cs_CZ"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nStrach a averze spojen\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm - Alert Diver<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 neurobiologi\u00ed strachu a nazna\u010duje, jak m\u016f\u017ee strach ovliv\u0148ovat pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/strach-a-averze-spojene-s-pristrojovym-potapenim\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Strach a averze spojen\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm - 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