{"id":11410215,"date":"2024-07-08T13:36:58","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T11:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/?p=11410215"},"modified":"2024-08-28T12:27:04","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T10:27:04","slug":"pochopeni-nebezpeci-potapecskych-nehod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/cs_CZ\/clanky\/pochopeni-nebezpeci-potapecskych-nehod\/","title":{"rendered":"Pochopen\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch nehod"},"content":{"rendered":"

K nehod\u011b m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt p\u0159i jak\u00e9koli lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. V kancel\u00e1\u0159i m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt smrteln\u00fdm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm i nespr\u00e1vn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 police. P\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00edhaj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v mnoha oblastech. Od nevhodn\u00e9 v\u00fdbavy a\u017e po chybnou techniku pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, od \u010derpac\u00edch stanic po lodn\u00ed \u017eeb\u0159\u00edky, prost\u011b t\u011bch oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mus\u00edme sledovat pro na\u0161i bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, je mnoho.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va DAN o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed<\/em> nebyla sestavena jako z\u00e1znam na\u0161ich chyb a proh\u0159e\u0161k\u016f, ale aby n\u00e1m p\u0159ipomn\u011bla, \u017ee nebezpe\u010d\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b existuje, a tak\u00e9 abychom zdokonalili n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed vyhnout se nehod\u00e1m, jak je to jen v lidsk\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u201eI kdy\u017e neexistuje zp\u016fsob, jak riziko p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed zcela eliminovat, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 postupy jej mohou zna\u010dn\u011b zm\u00edrnit. A z tohoto d\u016fvodu jsou takov\u00e9 postupy nezbytn\u00e9. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed efektivn\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch postup\u016f je v\u011bd\u011bt, kdy, kde a jak je aplikovat.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

To byla \u00favodn\u00ed slova p\u0159edmluvy prezidenta a gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159editele DAN Williama Ziefleho k v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b DAN o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed za rok 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jako pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di v\u00edme, \u017ee na\u0161e \u010dinnost je relativn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s mnoha jin\u00fdmi aktivitami, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdbavy \u010di v\u00fdstroje nebo se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v jin\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ne\u017e je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 a norm\u00e1ln\u00ed pro lidskou existenci.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 v\u00edme, \u017ee nulov\u00e9 riziko je \u010dir\u00e1 utopie. Co v\u0161ak utopick\u00e9 nen\u00ed, je cesta ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed rizik. \u00da\u010delem tohoto pr\u016fzkumu je ur\u010dit oblasti, kter\u00fdm bychom m\u011bli v\u011bnovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost, abychom pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de nasm\u011brovali ke st\u00e1le bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm postup\u016fm.<\/p>\n

To je \u00fakol, kv\u016fli kter\u00e9mu maj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci n\u011bkdy pocit, jako by se d\u00edvali skrz planktonn\u00ed mlhu. Ne v\u0161echny pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 nehody jsou nahl\u00e1\u0161eny a \u00fadaje jsou \u010dasto rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch archivech v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech byla zohledn\u011bna pouze t\u00eds\u0148ov\u00e1 vol\u00e1n\u00ed do DAN. V jin\u00fdch bylo pou\u017eito v\u00edce zdroj\u016f, od Google Alerts po ozn\u00e1men\u00ed policie a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ee. Na rozd\u00edl od civiln\u00edho letectv\u00ed nem\u00e1 sv\u011bt pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou jednotnou datab\u00e1zi, kter\u00e1 by zahrnovala v\u0161echna hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o nehod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prozkoum\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch z\u00f3n<\/h3>\n

V roce 2018 identifikovali auto\u0159i zpr\u00e1vy celosv\u011btov\u011b 189 smrteln\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo souvisej\u00ed s pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm. Z toho 100 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se stalo v rekrea\u010dn\u00edm a technick\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed*, 59 b\u011bhem voln\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, 13 v komer\u010dn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, 12 v r\u00e1mci ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edho pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed (hasi\u010di, policie , z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159i civiln\u00ed ochrany), a 1 p\u0159\u00edpad se stal u\u00a0 arm\u00e1dy. Ve 4 p\u0159\u00edpadech se nepoda\u0159ilo ur\u010dit oblast \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e je pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00e9 vysledovat p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny nehod bez smrteln\u00fdch n\u00e1sledk\u016f, u smrteln\u00fdch nehod \u010dasto chyb\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed a zpr\u00e1va koronera. Tato data chyb\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, nap\u0159. z\u00a0d\u016fvodu ochrany soukrom\u00ed nebo kv\u016fli zdlouhavosti forenzn\u00edho vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e po p\u0159edpisy m\u00edstn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f. N\u011bkdy je ob\u011b\u0165 jedin\u00fdm sv\u011bdkem. A n\u011bkdy je sv\u011bdectv\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9ho kolegy nespolehliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

K tomu bych dodal stru\u010dnou pozn\u00e1mku zam\u011b\u0159enou p\u0159\u00edmo na pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dskou komunitu, zejm\u00e9na na profesion\u00e1ly: Kolikr\u00e1t, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o okolnostech nehod s v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky, jsme sly\u0161eli o zmizel\u00fdch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch nebo o tom, \u017ee p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o kolez\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed zmizeli z pohledu doslova v okam\u017eiku?<\/p>\n

Svou roli jist\u011b hraje \u0161ok, ale tak\u00e9 stud a strach z n\u00e1sledk\u016f. Probl\u00e9m nespolehliv\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f je tak letit\u00fd, \u017ee je historicky dokonce dob\u0159e zdokumentov\u00e1n. P\u0159esto\u017ee se praktiky svat\u00e9 inkvizice staly d\u011bdictv\u00edm minulosti, strach z n\u00e1sledk\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e soudn\u00edch nebo mor\u00e1ln\u00edch, st\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed nedok\u00e1zali zabr\u00e1nit nehod\u011b sv\u00e9ho kolegy, se mohou dokonce pokusit vyt\u011bsnit konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed vzpom\u00ednku na svou ne\u010dinnost ze sv\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed. Ale zat\u00edmco historici p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee mnoho fakt\u016f a aspekt\u016f \u017eivota v minulosti je (n\u011bkdy z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b a \u00fa\u010delov\u011b) zaml\u017een\u00fdch, v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed existuje tak\u00e9 mnoho snah o zlep\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. To by se nem\u011blo br\u00e1t jako kritika, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e jako p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed zaujatosti, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt do \u00favahy, abychom tomu p\u0159izp\u016fsobili na\u0161e v\u011bdeck\u00e9 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho obrazu<\/h3>\n

Statistiky, i kdy\u017e mohou b\u00fdt zkreslen\u00e9 nebo z\u00edskan\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00edm nekonzistentn\u00edch metodologi\u00ed, v\u017edy nakonec vypadaj\u00ed stejn\u011b. Stalo se to i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b klimatick\u00fdch studi\u00ed, kdy\u017e jeden profesor z Berkeley nastolil probl\u00e9m potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho zkreslen\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch ostrov\u016f a kvality dat poskytovan\u00fdch monitorovac\u00edmi stanicemi. Vyvolalo to \u0161irok\u00fd z\u00e1jem ob\u010dan\u016f o sb\u011br dat. A anal\u00fdza nov\u011b shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch dat potvrdila, \u017ee planeta se skute\u010dn\u011b otepluje a \u017ee se otepluje zp\u016fsobem nazna\u010den\u00fdm p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi studiemi.<\/p>\n

A\u0165 u\u017e jsou zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 data spolehliv\u00e1 nebo ne, sv\u011bdectv\u00ed koleg\u016f se v\u011bt\u0161inou t\u00fdkaj\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed postup\u016f p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. V jin\u00fdch oblastech jsou \u00fadaje d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u010d\u00edsla jsou konzistentn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na \u00fadaje t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u011bku a nemoci. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou smrti p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy utonut\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, kterou se zpr\u00e1va sna\u017e\u00ed prozkoumat, je to, co nakonec zp\u016fsobilo utonut\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je z\u00e1stava srdce, podporovan\u00e1 klinick\u00fdmi zpr\u00e1vami o komorbidit\u00e1ch (komorbidita je p\u0159\u00edtomnost jednoho nebo v\u00edce onemocn\u011bn\u00ed ve spojen\u00ed s onemocn\u011bn\u00edm, kter\u00e9 je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b studov\u00e1no nebo l\u00e9\u010deno, pozn. p\u0159ekl.<\/em>), jako je hypertenze, ateroskler\u00f3za, kardiomegalie (kardiomegalie je l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd term\u00edn pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd k popisu zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9ho srdce, pozn. p\u0159ekl.<\/em>), astma, obezita, a i kdy\u017e se o tom mezi pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di mluv\u00ed jen z\u0159\u00eddka \u2013 drogy nebo u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed drog. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nejrizikov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bk p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, podobn\u00fd v\u011bku pro riziko infarktu, je v\u011bkov\u00e1 skupina 50\u201359 let. Oproti pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016fm do 30 let jsou star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 prost\u011b ohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A zde se nab\u00edz\u00ed ot\u00e1zka: Maj\u00ed star\u0161\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di v\u00edce nehod, nebo populace pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f jednodu\u0161e st\u00e1rne? Jedna v\u011bc je jist\u00e1: Rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a freediving, tedy oblasti, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k 84 procent\u016fm smrteln\u00fdch nehod, jsou aktivity provozovan\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v zem\u00edch s vysp\u011blou ekonomikou, kde je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk velmi vysok\u00fd. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee pomalej\u0161\u00ed genera\u010dn\u00ed obm\u011bna m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nehodovosti u star\u0161\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Mapy a trasy<\/h3>\n

Telefon\u00e1ty do DAN Europe o nehod\u00e1ch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech sv\u011bta, od hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed barotraumat a\u017e po dekompresn\u00ed nemoc, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f v jejich p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch geografick\u00fdch oblastech \u010dinnosti. Srovn\u00e1n\u00edm \u00fadaj\u016f DAN Europe s jin\u00fdmi dostupn\u00fdmi \u00fadaji se nezd\u00e1, \u017ee by n\u011bkter\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 destinace byly nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e9, ani to nenazna\u010duje, \u017ee st\u00e1rnut\u00ed samo o sob\u011b vystavuje pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de riziku. Tyto \u00fadaje v\u0161ak signalizuj\u00ed, \u017ee existuj\u00ed v\u011bkov\u00e9 skupiny a destinace s v\u00edce praktikuj\u00edc\u00edmi pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di. Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na nov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky.<\/p>\n

Odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed procento ob\u011bt\u00ed nehod mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een pom\u011brn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een mezi pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di? V jak\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech maj\u00ed \u017eeny v\u00edce nehod ne\u017e mu\u017ei a naopak? Zat\u00edmco hled\u00e1n\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed podn\u011bcuje dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, utopick\u00e1 cesta k nule nehod vede k \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost. Podle zpr\u00e1vy, alespo\u0148 mezi ob\u010dany ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a Kanad\u011b, nehodovost v\u00fdrazn\u011b klesla oproti p\u0159edchoz\u00edmu desetilet\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru.<\/p>\n

Ve fyzice je absolutn\u00ed nula \u010dist\u011b teoretick\u00e1 hodnota. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 technologie, jako je kryogenika na b\u00e1zi vod\u00edku, se nicm\u00e9n\u011b dostala k n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo stup\u0148\u016fm teoretick\u00e9 absolutn\u00ed nuly. V\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je mapa, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuje jakousi pomyslnou okru\u017en\u00ed cestu, n\u011bco jako panorama. Panorama, kter\u00e9ho se budeme dr\u017eet a doufejme, \u017ee se z n\u011bj pou\u010d\u00edme.<\/p>\n

*Od roku 2023 budou zpr\u00e1vy o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed DAN kategorizovat pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: jako rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed\u00a0 otev\u0159en\u00fd okruh, praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed technick\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s otev\u0159en\u00fdm okruhem, jeskynn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed s rebreatherem.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

O autorovi\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010clen DAN od roku 1997, Claudio Di Manao je pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fd instruktor PADI a IANTD. Je autorem \u0159ady odborn\u00fdch knih a rom\u00e1n\u016f o pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b Shamandura Generation, nap\u00ednav\u00e9ho vyl\u00ed\u010den\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 komunity v \u0160arm el \u0160ajchu. Spolupracuje s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u010dasopisy, r\u00e1diov\u00fdmi stanicemi a novinami \u2013 v\u017edy na t\u00e9ma bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, \u017eivot v mo\u0159i a u mo\u0159e a cestov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\n

P\u0159ekladatel<\/strong>: Klement Hartinger<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K nehod\u011b m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt p\u0159i jak\u00e9koli lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. V kancel\u00e1\u0159i m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt smrteln\u00fdm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm i nespr\u00e1vn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 police. P\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00edhaj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v mnoha…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":11410204,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[384],"tags":[1877],"authors":[793],"class_list":["post-11410215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","tag-zajimavosti","authors-claudio-di-manao"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPochopen\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch nehod - Alert Diver<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Autor se zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad d\u016fle\u017eitost\u00ed pochopen\u00ed a zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed rizika pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch postup\u016f. 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