{"id":11429029,"date":"2025-12-19T09:27:41","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T08:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/?p=11429029"},"modified":"2026-05-08T15:51:22","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T13:51:22","slug":"diver-education-through-the-ages-equalization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alertdiver.eu\/en_US\/articles\/diver-education-through-the-ages-equalization\/","title":{"rendered":"Diver Education Through the Ages: Equalization"},"content":{"rendered":"

Once upon a time in the classroom of Tech Asia (Philippines), I came upon a little booklet of unambiguously antiquarian character: \u201cDiving with the Aqua-Lung\u201d, 11th edition, published by U.S. Divers in 1959.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The half-letter size booklet offers a fascinating glimpse into the early days of civilian scuba diving. It is a collage of Open Water Diver textbook, regulator maintenance manual, and guidance on setting up a filling station. It also has decompression tables, instructions on hookah diving, and even tips on how to start a dive club \u2013 all on a mere 40 pages of crisp, well-written prose.<\/p>\n

Stylistic merits aside, \u201cDiving with the Aqua-Lung\u201d has some nuggets of information to offer, one of which I\u2019d like to spend a little more time on. In the third paragraph of the introduction, the authors advertise diving with an Aqua-Lung as not requiring equalization \u2013 a bit of a surprise from a modern-day perspective, to say the least:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Lets have that again: \u201cThe ear-drums [\u2026] will remain in a neutral state\u201d simply because we breathe air at ambient pressure? That is, no active equalization?<\/p>\n

You read correctly. It is a description of what we refer to today as hands-free equalization<\/strong><\/em>,<\/strong> a technique considered quite advanced by modern standards, so advanced in fact that many scuba divers will never hear about it. Yet people took it for granted in the 1950s, ostensibly. Or did they? I\u2019ll get back to that question in a bit.<\/p>\n

How does it work?<\/h2>\n

Most divers learn about equalization only once, during their Open Water Diver training. \u201cGently exhale against your pinched nostrils. Very gently. Do you feel your ears pop? Yes? You sure? Cool, you\u2019re good to go.\u201d<\/p>\n

That\u2019s what my OWD instruction was like, and I\u2019m sure many will find it familiar. It works\u2026 kind of. Unless the instructor is quite careful, divers instructed in this way somewhat randomly end up performing one of two equalization techniques. The luckier ones instinctively close their glottis and use a swallowing action to pump air into the Eustachian tubes \u2013 the Frenzel<\/strong><\/em> maneuver. This is adequate, and the majority of divers, even instructors, never progress beyond this level.<\/p>\n

The less lucky ones keep their glottis open and pump from the diaphragm \u2013 the Valsava<\/strong><\/em> maneuver. The diaphragm is a much stronger muscle and more difficult to control. As a result, Valsalva divers more frequently report ear pain after diving, and the risk of barotrauma is greater. Such divers generally remain unaware of the cause \u2013 equalization probably won\u2019t come up in future training, and you need to know what you\u2019re looking for to tell the difference as an outside observer.<\/p>\n

With either of the above techniques, the textbook instruction is to equalize frequently during descent<\/strong><\/em>, at least every couple of meters. For a deep dive, that\u2019s a lot of equalizing.<\/p>\n

Leveling up<\/h2>\n

What if, instead of frequent, your equalization could be continuous? What if you could go all the way down to the bottom without touching your mask, and without feeling your ears? Welcome to hands-free equalization<\/strong><\/em> \u2013 the technique so casually alluded to in the introduction to our little booklet from sixty-six years ago.<\/p>\n

The benefits of this technique are twofold: On one hand, your ears will experience virtually no pressure changes during descent. Even if you think that\u2019s no big deal and Frenzel is fine, once you\u2019ve learned hands-free, it\u2019s like your neighbor\u2019s kids finally turn off that gaming console they\u2019ve been running all day long, to the point where you thought you\u2019d stopped noticing the noise. You will<\/em> notice when it stops and \u201cyour ear-drums [\u2026] remain in a neutral state.<\/em>\u201d It\u2019s nice.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, and this applies more to technical and CCR divers, you\u2019ll have both of your hands free to signal during descent checks, operate your BCD, drysuit inflation valve, primary light, or whatever other part of your kit might need your attention. Or you could just relax.<\/p>\n

Hands-free is a superior equalization technique, once you\u2019ve mastered it, and herein lies the crux. All the involved musculature is internal. Instructors can\u2019t demonstrate the technique to students, only describe it,* which makes this method much trickier to teach than the nose-pinching styles. I strongly suspect that\u2019s why hands-free equalization isn\u2019t mentioned in modern scuba training materials. Freediving\u2026 different story. Those people take equalization quite seriously.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

So what about folks in the 1950s?<\/h2>\n

The booklet talks a little more about equalization in a section titled \u201cHints on Diving or Underwater Swimming\u201d, subsection \u201cPains in the ears\u201d (page 14). The authors explain how sinuses generally equalize by themselves, whereas the ears may take a little longer due to the small diameter of the Eustachian tubes.<\/p>\n

They go on to describe two equalization techniques: (a) swallowing and (b) pressing the mask against the face and exhaling into it through the nose.** These techniques aren\u2019t presented as essential, but merely as ancillary to a process that is taking place anyway. Nowhere in this booklet does it say, \u201cas you descend, here\u2019s how you equalize,\u201d like modern training materials do.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In this sense, I believe it\u2019s fair to conclude that hands-free equalization was considered the norm.<\/h2>\n

Trying to come up with an explanation for why that is and how, I believe things become easier to understand if you consider what kind of person would have gotten into scuba diving in the 1950s. At the time, new scuba divers very likely would\u2019ve been practiced skin divers<\/strong><\/em> (to use the period term) already. After all, why would you go and buy a scuba unit if you didn\u2019t like diving? And if you like diving, then you obviously know how to equalize. Case closed. To this day, Open Water Diver courses include a legacy skin diving section to reflect this history.<\/p>\n

Equalization is significantly harder on breathhold dives, especially when going deep. A competent skin diver experiencing the Aqua-Lung for the first time would\u2019ve been surprised by the relative ease: All you need to do is to allow the pressure in your lungs to propagate to the eardrums. Piece of cake.***<\/p>\n

Changes over time<\/h2>\n

Needless to say, this somewhat blas\u00e9 attitude toward equalization didn\u2019t last. Mask technology has changed to incorporate more sophisticated skirt designs with nose pockets, and along with it came changes to the way we teach equalization. As with most changes that stand the test of time, it must be assumed that these developments happened for good reason.<\/p>\n

Today, beginner scuba courses need to accommodate the needs of people who don\u2019t know how to equalize yet. With modern masks that allow for nose pinching, the Frenzel maneuver is safe, a lot easier to teach and execute reliably for beginners, and it gets people under water quicker \u2013 crucial when a course is scheduled to take three days because people have flights to catch on day four.<\/p>\n

Taking a page from the Book of the Ancients<\/h2>\n

However, this doesn\u2019t mean you have to remain at that level. Much like trim, buoyancy control, finning, and other personal dive skills, equalization can be improved beyond the minimum requirements for passing an open-water course. Let the Ancients be your guide and learn the hands-free technique. Your ears will thank you.<\/p>\n

An earlier version of this article was published <\/em>here<\/u><\/em><\/a> on Tim Bl\u00f6meke\u2019s blog.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Further reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alert Diver: Equaleasy, by Claudio Manao<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

* The key to teaching hands-free equalization is finding a verbal instruction that makes students do the right thing with the muscles in their throats. I find that \u201cpretend you\u2019re suppressing a yawn\u201d tends to work for a lot of people. Even so, it usually takes some time and experimentation. But believe me, it\u2019s worth your while.<\/em><\/p>\n

** 1950s dive masks had very thick, stiff skirts and no nose pockets. Pinching the nose from the outside was just not possible; pushing the mask against the face and increasing the pressure inside by exhaling through the nose was the next best thing.<\/em> Search for \u201cCharlie Sturgill mask\u201d to learn about the gold standard of diving masks at the time.<\/em><\/p>\n

*** My own first exposure to scuba diving was a bit like that. Our training as junior lifeguards in late 1980s West Germany involved lots of skin diving (albeit only Frenzel equalization, no hands-free). Every now and then, one of the instructors would bring a couple of scuba tanks to the pool to spice things up.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An old training manual reveals how thought on this core skill has shifted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":11429030,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[261],"tags":[427],"authors":[263],"class_list":["post-11429029","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-features","authors-tim-blomeke"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDiver Education Through the Ages: Equalization<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how scuba equalization has evolved\u2014from 1950s hands-free techniques to modern training methods\u2014and why mastering the hands-free technique benefits divers today.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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